Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper

Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper Depending in your essay’s length and complexity, we will write it in a number of hours or ten days. It all depends on the deadline you specify in your order. We’ll fully respect the deadline with out compromising on high quality, even if it means working day and night time to bring your essay to perfection. One of the obvious advantages of utilizing such service is the ability to manage the writing course of always. Each pupil twice a year discovers a new problem in their life, coincided with project works. He will get instant updates from the support staff and control the process in addition to make needed corrections and clarifications. We also offer affordable pricing and absolutely reply to any of your requests. Furthermore, we provide a a hundred% cash-back assure and vast experience. Over the years, we now have written and edited hundreds of admission essays and personal statements for students making use of to instructional establishments all around the globe. We have a fantastic group of writers who're nicely-versed of their fields. It’s recommended that you examine whether or not the actual service you need to hire is legit and reliable. If you rent the primary company you come throughout on-line with out discovering any details about it, then it might not be safe. All of papers you get at Ewriters.pro are meant for analysis functions only. Where different websites turn customers down because of too troublesome assignments or the fact that there’s no writer educated in a requested subject obtainable, eWriters.pro delivers the promise. Save free time within the night and rating top grades with the assistance of maybe essentially the most competent academic penmen in the United States. A professional analysis paper author will review essentially the most credible and reputable sources. Our professionals can work on papers for any academic ranges and fields of study. We have a team of specialists in educational writing, who will do any type of paper for you. In case we'd like extra time to master your paper, we may contact you relating to the deadline extension. We assure to check your paper for plagiarism before sending it to you. Also, you can request a plagiarism report to ensure that every little thing is in order. The neatest thing about working with professional writers is as a result of they are at all times observant of the deadline and hence making sure that they are in a position to fully grasp your research work. What makes it exhausting to complete the analysis paper is that one has to review the subject out and in and be acquainted with the content. One should see the spaces overlooked as more often than not; research papers are meant to give extra research or bridge the gap between what the earlier researchers did and what's expected. In case you can't present us with extra time, a 100% refund is assured. All of papers you get at Expert-writers.internet are meant for analysis purposes only. You get a chance to spend your time on something rather thrilling than paper writing. With the hours, days, and months flying by at lightning velocity, we give learners an exclusive alternative to take pleasure in their lives somewhat more. Read, play, party, sleep, or do nothing because paper assist has arrived! Life feels amazing when your tutorial difficulties are gone for good. Every day, our specialists write dozens of papers for purchasers from everywhere in the world. All potential writers are examined for soft expertise as we’re solely looking for dependable specialists with constructive considering. Authors have an ideal command of the English language and needed expertise in any course. One of the principle fears college students normally have is plagiarism. When you are writing a paper yourself, you could be assured that no copy-pasted parts can sneak into the textual content. However, what a few paper written by another person? We assign the most certified author to work on your paper relying in your preferences. Find out the real statistical numbers we get through a prospects' survey. Our purchasers price the papers' quality by way of every discipline.

Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper

Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper Depending in your essay’s length and complexity, we will write it in a number of hours or ten days. It all depends on the deadline you specify in your order. We’ll fully respect the deadline with out compromising on high quality, even if it means working day and night time to bring your essay to perfection. One of the obvious advantages of utilizing such service is the ability to manage the writing course of always. Each pupil twice a year discovers a new problem in their life, coincided with project works. He will get instant updates from the support staff and control the process in addition to make needed corrections and clarifications. We also offer affordable pricing and absolutely reply to any of your requests. Furthermore, we provide a a hundred% cash-back assure and vast experience. Over the years, we now have written and edited hundreds of admission essays and personal statements for students making use of to instructional establishments all around the globe. We have a fantastic group of writers who're nicely-versed of their fields. It’s recommended that you examine whether or not the actual service you need to hire is legit and reliable. If you rent the primary company you come throughout on-line with out discovering any details about it, then it might not be safe. All of papers you get at Ewriters.pro are meant for analysis functions only. Where different websites turn customers down because of too troublesome assignments or the fact that there’s no writer educated in a requested subject obtainable, eWriters.pro delivers the promise. Save free time within the night and rating top grades with the assistance of maybe essentially the most competent academic penmen in the United States. A professional analysis paper author will review essentially the most credible and reputable sources. Our professionals can work on papers for any academic ranges and fields of study. We have a team of specialists in educational writing, who will do any type of paper for you. In case we'd like extra time to master your paper, we may contact you relating to the deadline extension. We assure to check your paper for plagiarism before sending it to you. Also, you can request a plagiarism report to ensure that every little thing is in order. The neatest thing about working with professional writers is as a result of they are at all times observant of the deadline and hence making sure that they are in a position to fully grasp your research work. What makes it exhausting to complete the analysis paper is that one has to review the subject out and in and be acquainted with the content. One should see the spaces overlooked as more often than not; research papers are meant to give extra research or bridge the gap between what the earlier researchers did and what's expected. In case you can't present us with extra time, a 100% refund is assured. All of papers you get at Expert-writers.internet are meant for analysis purposes only. You get a chance to spend your time on something rather thrilling than paper writing. With the hours, days, and months flying by at lightning velocity, we give learners an exclusive alternative to take pleasure in their lives somewhat more. Read, play, party, sleep, or do nothing because paper assist has arrived! Life feels amazing when your tutorial difficulties are gone for good. Every day, our specialists write dozens of papers for purchasers from everywhere in the world. All potential writers are examined for soft expertise as we’re solely looking for dependable specialists with constructive considering. Authors have an ideal command of the English language and needed expertise in any course. One of the principle fears college students normally have is plagiarism. When you are writing a paper yourself, you could be assured that no copy-pasted parts can sneak into the textual content. However, what a few paper written by another person? We assign the most certified author to work on your paper relying in your preferences. Find out the real statistical numbers we get through a prospects' survey. Our purchasers price the papers' quality by way of every discipline.

Top 20 Research Paper Writing Services Of 2020

Top 20 Research Paper Writing Services Of 2020 Academic writing is a huge problem for someone who’s solely done basic homework thus far. There’s nothing that loves more than passing on his data of selling in his writings. Always up-to-date with marketing developments, he has a BSc in Marketing from Keele University. Contact us through telephone, e mail, or LiveChat, ask any questions you want and relaxation assured that you will receive full and well timed answers. work and in the long run, ensure that any paper is 100% authentic. freebies such as free rewards and paper giveaways for probably the most loyal of our purchasers. Should a downloaded project fail to reside up to your expectations or meet initial directions, you can request a refund. The choice is available within days (relying on the project’s size). A full refund is issued anytime before a paper is downloaded. Kevin Heintz is a analysis writing specialist with a Masters diploma in English and over five years of editing, lecturing, and steerage expertise within the field of analysis writing. If we abide strictly by our word count rule this will not be necessary or recommended. But every journal has its own commonplace formatting and magnificence tips for titles, so it is a good suggestion to concentrate on these whereas writing both the title and the study itself. What does your paper search to reply and what does it accomplish. For instance, we might love to get people to rethink the stigma of studying disabilities. We’d additionally love it if individuals were extra educated about the struggles of low earnings and nontraditional college students. Then there's the fact that students are sometimes unaware of the assistance they can obtain right on campus. If you’ve written your own analysis paper, contemplate having it professionally edited. Provide some context to the hook or a little bit of detail. You have the entire of the paper to spend on particulars. We are not working from virtual reality and have a physical workplace. Our company is Hong Kong-integrated and have been serving to students from different components of the world. We allow you to select from five quality levels and different deadlines . Based on your wants, you’ll get a fair quote per web page. Your paper will have correct references in the quotation fashion you choose. It examines both the origin and exercise of such waves and also the potential effect these can have upon their environment. Consumer habits is integral to all advertising and advertising strategy plans. Consumer demographics are thought-about and the analysis demonstrates why certain demographic groups are likely to gravitate toward sure products and reveal specific model loyalties. This sample analysis paper offers with the enterprise concept of danger management in respect to investment and the ahead development of a corporation. It outlines the assorted ranges of how threat is categorized and outlines some of the widespread reactions to and methods for mitigating danger related activity. The sample analysis paper further examines how risk administration procedures are generated and applied in an organization. Our free revisions assist you to handle that last point or add that little additional little bit of polish that will make your custom written research paper actually extraordinary. By pre-planning your research paper through outlining, the final product might be extra cohesive and profitable. Many shoppers choose to pay for a analysis paper define and then full the final document themselves. Your research paper define ought to include an introduction, adopted by the main points, minor concerns, and powerful conclusion or comparability. The following sample analysis paper is anxious with gravitational waves long thought-about to be theoretical. Try to reply these questions as briefly as potential, with one or two sentences each. You can create these questions by going via each part of the paper and discovering the MOST related info. Therefore, you need to make certain the title captures all the related aspects of your examine, however does present in a means that's accessible and fascinating to readers. Follow these steps to create an ideal title for your paper. The title is perhaps the single-most essential component of your research paper. Every specialist on the group holds a degree in one of many 35+ disciplines the service covers. We have experts in MBA, Accounting, History, Literature, Arts, Humanities, Science, IT, Nursing, Law, and other topics.

Write My Essay, Please!

Write My Essay, Please! Once once more, clustering and mindmapping, like brainstorming and freewriting, let you take stock of your concepts. These may be very helpful methods for extremely visual individuals. The rest of the body of your paper might be made up of more major and minor factors. Each main point should advance the paper's central argument, often building on the previous factors, till you could have supplied enough evidence and evaluation to justify your paper's conclusion. Major points are the building blocks of your paper. We double-verify all of the assignments for plagiarism and ship you solely original essays. Note that this video was created while APA 6 was the style guide edition in use. There could also be some examples of writing that haven't been updated to APA 7 guidelines. Summarize the answers to the analysis questions.b. Indicate the significance of the work by stating purposes, recommendations, and implications. Consider various explanations of the findings.Move 2. Compare and contrast your findings with these of different published outcomes.b. Major points construct on one another, transferring the paper ahead and towards its conclusion. Each major level must be a clear declare that pertains to the central argument of your paper. You are nonetheless in your lab ending revisions and getting ready to submit your paper. You feel joyful ― you could have finally completed a yr’s worth of work. You will submit your paper tomorrow, and regardless of the end result, you know that you are able to do it. If one journal does not take your paper, you will take advantage of the feedback and resubmit again. You could have a publication, and that is an important achievement. Explain the that means and significance of your discovering.c. Explain any discrepancies and unexpected findings.c. State the restrictions, weaknesses, and assumptions of your research.Move three. Show that the general analysis space is necessary, central, fascinating, and problematic in some way;Move 2. Indicate a gap in the earlier research, or prolong earlier information ultimately.Move 3. Outline functions or state the character of the current research;b. In this paper we argue that stem cells repopulate injured organs. In this paper we provide an argument that stem cells repopulate injured organs. Writing Materials and Methods sections is a meticulous and time consuming task requiring extreme accuracy and clarity. This is why whenever you full your draft, you need to ask for as much suggestions from your colleagues as attainable. Numerous readers of this section will allow you to identify the lacking links and improve the technical type of this part. A lot of on-line diagrams of clustering have the central word in a circle, with all of the associated words in their very own circles and lines connecting them back to the central word. Similarly, there are very elaborate and decorative examples of mindmaps online. Be as inventive as you needâ€"just not on the expense of your concepts themselves! Using these methods lets you very easily visualize all the ideas which are in your head. In the rest of this handout, you may find a variety of useful strategies that can assist you get began on pretty much any writing project. If you're undecided where to start, just choose one and take a look at it out. After you've got tested a couple, you may in all probability develop a sense of your most successful prewriting strategies and may select the strategies that best fit your writing and pondering type. Our regular clients who pay for essay can take part within the loyalty program. On this web site, you will find a section with promotions where you can verify for relevant offers. Also, subscribe to our e-mail publication in order not to miss the present announcement.

Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper Fiverr

Pay Someone To Write My Research Paper Fiverr Make certain that your order is $30 or above to use for the discounts. You will get a 5% worth discount if the price of your order is more than $500. But if the price of your order is greater than $a thousand, remember to obtain a 10% discount. We are in a position to provide you with some narrowly specialized consultants, based on your wants, corresponding to a analysis paper or term paper writer. The urgency of orders varies from 1 hour to 2 months. In addition, there are three fundamental levels of writers. After a brief chat with a robotic, I found that 90 per cent of their writers come from the US and UK, with the remaining 10 per cent being native English audio system. Additionally, most of their writers are educated to a Masters or PhD level of training. Using this writing service is authorized and isn't prohibited by any university/college insurance policies. all the time check a paper for plagiarism, even if they are saying they assure a top quality of their work. However, should you’re unsure what category your order falls into, don’t worry as a result of our assist team is all the time ready to help you make the right alternative. We additionally check all papers for plagiarism to be able to get unique and reasonably priced papers you won’t be afraid to place your name on. Originality is considered one of our customers’ primary necessities so we never use unreliable plagiarism checkers that retailer submitted content material. When your professor checks your paper, you gained’t have any issues with the content’s originality. We are one of the first web sites the place college students have been capable of buy nice customized papers. Well, I did not put many expectations on how you'd do my analysis paper, however I am glad I was wrong about it. The writer adopted the instructions and the paper was unique. I actually did not have many details and solely knew I needed to write my research paper for a number of days. The writer helped me with the topic and the whole work. We’ve written 1000's of papers since 2009, and students nonetheless select us as a result of we offer outstanding papers appreciated by professors and lecturers and that bring students good grades. Our online useful resource belongs to the listing of the best web sites in this particular sphere. We supply all our prospects different types of research papers at inexpensive prices, which shall be accomplished in the briefest phrases. All of papers you get at Grademiners.com are meant for analysis purposes solely. You’ve visited the proper of website, so you'll be able to think about your request done. We’ll match you with a pro academic writer, a confirmed expert in a subject matter you search. This writer will work solely in your order till it’s fully complete, and also you’re genuinely satisfied with the final draft. Don’t worry, we’ll nonetheless be able to offer you a qualified skilled who’ll do your task for cheap but the quality of writing will still be there. Making orders on Grade Miners, you’re fully anonymous. No instructor, instructor, or professor will find out about the place do you get such fantastic papers. Doing papers is firstly about writing â€" and this implies impeccable English expertise. The latter are tested by way of an elaborate grammar check only the most qualified candidates will move. I will ask you to write down my research paper next time as properly. I would like to write my papers on my own, but I know you are able to do it higher so what’s the point. I know I even have to write my papers by myself, but it was an distinctive case, and I am glad I selected you guys. understanding your knowledge and writing type, will probably be very straightforward for your professor to know that it was not you who has written a brand new essay. If your earlier works were not so good as a new one, your professor will definitely suspect something incorrect right here; sure, your new work is in a special league now. So, if you try to cheat your professors and pay for papers, you're cheating your self instead. customized essays can save your time, as being a scholar means having so many duties and completely different assignments at the same time, that it might be physically unimaginable to meet all deadlines. Write My Essays writing service provides discounts for every buyer. When placing your order, you may also specify the complexity degree. Whether you’re in high school, college, or university, our specialists will ship precisely what you want.

Professional Research Paper Writers

Professional Research Paper Writers I like the writer’s paper, so I will order more school assignment with them. You are a real ‘serving to hand’ for college college students indeed. We have a normal value ranging from as little as $8 for our papers, and we assure our customers our companies have worth for their money and this is gauged by the work we ship. This is as a result of each order is handled by a author above the tutorial degree of the paper as a result of they have gone by way of the system, and they know what is expected. Or perhaps you wish to earn some extra money and it will be your likelihood to get additional cash while our professionals might be writing your paper for you. At the identical time, higher training has been remodeled into an trade, one other sphere of financial activity where items and services are purchased and sold. By this logic, a scholar who pays a fair market worth for it has earned whatever grade it brings. There is not any method your project goes to be rehashed, as our writers by no means recycle or reuse the previously written material. For your peace of thoughts, we’ll be glad to provide you with a detailed plagiarism report. Our writers bear in mind every customer's comment on the long run paper, contemplating the peculiar requirements that should be adopted. We suggest offering as many details about your paper as attainable. Specifically when you wouldn't have any subject or path to write down, in such situations do my research papers comes in play and supply with all research paper associated solutions. Colleges are probably the first place the place students need to decide their very own subject, and this is the trickiest part of any analysis paper writing where a lot of the college students become clueless. Including deep information of the topic is related; nonetheless, diversion from a selected subject leading to formation of unnecessary tales just isn't appreciated while writing analysis papers. There could also be variant styles of writing analysis papers which represents a person�s persona. To save their grades, they merely need to rely on online writing providers. You could have a minimum of per week and even months of free time that you will be able to use more effectively. While your groupmates shall be surfing libraries in search for the related supplies, it is possible for you to to give attention to other disciplines that more appeal to you. Also, there shall be a possibility to take care of a social life and spend time with family and friends and go to fascinating places. What makes it onerous to complete the research paper is that one has to check the subject in and out and be acquainted with the content material. Every paper we write is completed from scratch, and is tailored to fit your wants. Keep your audience engaged from the very first second. Captivating PowerPoint shows are inside the mandate of our paper writing service. With 500+ writers across the board, we are right here 24/7 to handle all of your academic projects, no matter how advanced. If you are still not sure whether or not you can get benefits from our service then imagine the next. Very well researched paper with all tasks lined in full. Apex Essays is always very helpful, hardworking and always meets deadlines. In-truth, they're the best assignment writing service I even have ever used. It is debatable and full of concern task to evaluate what to be written in the paper and how to make related arguments to help your claims. Request it and get it collectively along with your buy for free. Getting your paper accomplished with our professional writing service is simple, fast, and completely protected.

Pay Someone To Do My Research Paper And Recieve Great Work!

Pay Someone To Do My Research Paper And Recieve Great Work! It results with the greatest high quality and supreme convenience. We will treat you as a VIP buyer and you'll get free SMS notifications. If one thing is misplaced, ask him/her for a free revision. You can do it with the help of any free plagiarism checker you'll find online. These tolls usually are not always dependable so make certain to use one of the best one yow will discover. Scan the paper through on the lookout for some grammar errors. However, you ought to be sensible when asking for a extremely quick delivery. Do not anticipate to get your order that is 5 pages lengthy inside an hour as it is unimaginable. To offer you an impression of how briskly our consultants can work, they'll write one page in an hour. Ask your writing heart for guides or resources on tips on how to do a analysis paper. They may also have a research paper instance or template you need to use. Our aim is to ship one hundred% authentic content at an affordable price. This is likely one of the greatest companies to order if you end up in a rush. they deliver actually shortly and the standard of essays are great. Your pattern might be written by one of the high 10 writers in the class. MeowEssay writing service applies the individual strategy to every customer, which means we try to fulfill the educational wants of every customer individually. For instance, that may include a paper outline template, sharing a analysis paper introduction example, or giving suggestions on your first draft. When you create your project calendar, plan to have your final draft accomplished several days or perhaps a week earlier than the research paper due date. With this buffer in place, you'll be able to schedule a last visit to the writing middle or swap papers with a classmate for feedback. The stage we advocate for essentially the most complex and important tasks. You get an around-the-clock help from the real consultants. You can ask them to put in writing a paper for you in just a few hours and they are going to be glad to do it. We strive very onerous to maintain the same level of high-high quality writing no matter what. You can make sure to get precisely what you need even in the shortest period of time. As much as I love writing, while deployed it is difficult to fulfill deadlines. We assure you that you will not discover any as our specialists and editors pay close consideration to the flawless writing. Make sure you might be proud of the ultimate outcome and do not wish to alter any passages. Once you have permitted the paper and made the fee, we will be unable to charge your a refund in case you change your thoughts. What is essentially the most excessive deadline I can ask for when putting an order? They can cope with your pressing orders and ship them on time. Unless you need to get a poorly written content material, don't exceed this period of time. Firstly, check in case your writer has thought of all the requirements.

What Kind Of Paper Do You Need To Write?

What Kind Of Paper Do You Need To Write? I print out the paper, as I find it simpler to make comments on the printed pages than on an digital reader. I read the manuscript very rigorously the first time, making an attempt to observe the authors’ argument and predict what the next step could be. At this primary stage, I attempt to be as open-minded as I can. I don’t have a formalized checklist, but there are a variety of questions that I generally use. Our fair money-again guarantee coverage ensures your strong confidence and full satisfaction in relation to dealing with our custom writing service. We've brought you the child-friendly, therapist-examined, teacher-permitted Hi-Write pad that will have fingers and pencils writing with more ease and readability than ever earlier than. Ruled 5/8 inch writing paper with bottom line highlighted to encourage proper placement of letters. The beginner degree 2 paper is ideal for grades 1-2. I normally think about first the relevance to my very own experience. I will flip down requests if the paper is just too far removed from my own analysis areas, since I might not have the ability to present an informed evaluate. Having stated that, I are inclined to outline my experience pretty broadly for reviewing purposes. I am more keen to evaluate for journals that I learn or publish in. Additionally, it's difficult to tell whether or not the first sentence is even a thesis statement. An externalizing conclusion presents points or concepts that will not have been immediately acknowledged or relevant to the way in which you presented your research and thesis. However, these kind of conclusions may be efficient as a result of they current new ideas that build off of the topic you initially presented in your research. Does it contribute to our data, or is it old wine in new bottles? This usually requires doing a little background studying, generally together with a few of the cited literature, in regards to the theory offered in the manuscript. It all is determined by the deadline you specify in your order. We’ll fully respect the deadline without compromising on quality, even if it means working day and evening to deliver your essay to perfection. Look through the entire essay, submit, and obtain an A. If you are not happy with the paper, you may use our free revision option to make corrections or receive a refund if your directions were not adopted. We at all times try to fulfill buyer’s requirements. Before I became an editor, I was once pretty eclectic in the journals I reviewed for, however now I are usually extra discerning, since my editing duties take up a lot of my reviewing time. Below are a list of phrases and definitions professors use when commenting in your papers. In this case, your job is to determine what question you’d like to put in writing about. The reply to the query is the thesis assertion for the essay. In basic, your thesis statement will accomplish these targets when you think of the thesis as the answer to the query your paper explores. Almost all of usâ€"even when we don’t do it consciouslyâ€"look early in an essay for a one- or two-sentence condensation of the argument or analysis that is to follow. We check with that condensation as a thesis assertion. In quick, as an alternative of merely stating a basic reality or resorting to a simplistic pro/con statement, you should resolve what it is you have to say. Avoid burying an excellent thesis assertion in the midst of a paragraph or late within the paper. While it is potential to tell from this conclusion that the topic might have been water air pollution, there isn't any clear assertion of the subject. This is a powerful thesis statement as a result of it narrows the topic to a extra particular and manageable matter, and it also identifies the specific causes for the existence of starvation. Let’s see the way to generate a thesis assertion for a social policy paper. Even in case your task doesn’t ask a specific question, your thesis assertion still needs to reply a question about the concern you’d like to explore. This list is taken from The Skidmore All-College Writing Board's website . Prepare a short define of each part of the task earlier than writing your essay. Depending in your essay’s size and complexity, we can write it in a number of hours or ten days.

What Kind Of Paper Do You Need To Write?

What Kind Of Paper Do You Need To Write? I print out the paper, as I find it simpler to make comments on the printed pages than on an digital reader. I read the manuscript very rigorously the first time, making an attempt to observe the authors’ argument and predict what the next step could be. At this primary stage, I attempt to be as open-minded as I can. I don’t have a formalized checklist, but there are a variety of questions that I generally use. Our fair money-again guarantee coverage ensures your strong confidence and full satisfaction in relation to dealing with our custom writing service. We've brought you the child-friendly, therapist-examined, teacher-permitted Hi-Write pad that will have fingers and pencils writing with more ease and readability than ever earlier than. Ruled 5/8 inch writing paper with bottom line highlighted to encourage proper placement of letters. The beginner degree 2 paper is ideal for grades 1-2. I normally think about first the relevance to my very own experience. I will flip down requests if the paper is just too far removed from my own analysis areas, since I might not have the ability to present an informed evaluate. Having stated that, I are inclined to outline my experience pretty broadly for reviewing purposes. I am more keen to evaluate for journals that I learn or publish in. Additionally, it's difficult to tell whether or not the first sentence is even a thesis statement. An externalizing conclusion presents points or concepts that will not have been immediately acknowledged or relevant to the way in which you presented your research and thesis. However, these kind of conclusions may be efficient as a result of they current new ideas that build off of the topic you initially presented in your research. Does it contribute to our data, or is it old wine in new bottles? This usually requires doing a little background studying, generally together with a few of the cited literature, in regards to the theory offered in the manuscript. It all is determined by the deadline you specify in your order. We’ll fully respect the deadline without compromising on quality, even if it means working day and evening to deliver your essay to perfection. Look through the entire essay, submit, and obtain an A. If you are not happy with the paper, you may use our free revision option to make corrections or receive a refund if your directions were not adopted. We at all times try to fulfill buyer’s requirements. Before I became an editor, I was once pretty eclectic in the journals I reviewed for, however now I are usually extra discerning, since my editing duties take up a lot of my reviewing time. Below are a list of phrases and definitions professors use when commenting in your papers. In this case, your job is to determine what question you’d like to put in writing about. The reply to the query is the thesis assertion for the essay. In basic, your thesis statement will accomplish these targets when you think of the thesis as the answer to the query your paper explores. Almost all of usâ€"even when we don’t do it consciouslyâ€"look early in an essay for a one- or two-sentence condensation of the argument or analysis that is to follow. We check with that condensation as a thesis assertion. In quick, as an alternative of merely stating a basic reality or resorting to a simplistic pro/con statement, you should resolve what it is you have to say. Avoid burying an excellent thesis assertion in the midst of a paragraph or late within the paper. While it is potential to tell from this conclusion that the topic might have been water air pollution, there isn't any clear assertion of the subject. This is a powerful thesis statement as a result of it narrows the topic to a extra particular and manageable matter, and it also identifies the specific causes for the existence of starvation. Let’s see the way to generate a thesis assertion for a social policy paper. Even in case your task doesn’t ask a specific question, your thesis assertion still needs to reply a question about the concern you’d like to explore. This list is taken from The Skidmore All-College Writing Board's website . Prepare a short define of each part of the task earlier than writing your essay. Depending in your essay’s size and complexity, we can write it in a number of hours or ten days.

How To Write A Whole Paper In A Week

How To Write A Whole Paper In A Week This is my first year in faculty and I hope that one thing adjustments very quickly. I obtained to cooperate with a very responsible and polite author. I suppose I’m going to request to work along with her once more the next time I place an order. It just isn't straightforward to search out one thing you want to write about so that it will be related to the matters your instructor talks about in school. If it appears that you've got already considered all the possible options, let our specialists give you a hint or even give you an excellent topic for your paper. Their expertise assist them to take a look at trivial topics from a brand new perspective. You can easily edit them by writing on to the writer or our assist group. Even if you notice it after you get the order, you possibly can ask for a free revision. The only level to keep in mind is that the brand new directions you give to the author shouldn't contradict the preliminary ones in your order type. Still have doubts about using this paper writing service? Watch this video and it'll dispel all of them. What can you do when there's a paper you should write however you can’t discover a nice matter? The extra ideas you find on the web on the way to discover the inspiration you lack, the less motivated you turn out to be. Additionally, the writer who's going to help you will review the order and ask you further questions if there are any tricky points. You can relaxation assured that the paper you'll obtain will meet all the necessities. This as a type of unbelievable choices you make without giving it a lot of consideration. I don’t know what is mistaken with me but I simply can’t write these silly papers. I sit and stare at my display screen and might’t do a factor. I’m very glad there may be this company that may help me. This is my first time utilizing a service like this and I'm not dissatisfied at all. The paper I obtained is okay, all of the references are there. I was beneath a huge stress and locations my order somewhat late so the writer had a very limited amount of time to cope with it. They delivered my order on time, the paper seems ok. Don’t know if I am going to use it once more any time soon. Rely on the numerous years of our experience on this enterprise. Make positive you might be very particular with the instructions you embody in an order form. It is our task to verify there is nothing missing. That is why you may discover that it's inconceivable to position an order if you miss a number of the necessary fields. Members of our support staff will verify whether all the mandatory information is present. I all the time rent the identical writer right here, she actually knows the way to flip a boring subject into something superb! I’ve by no means used any writing firms so there's nothing I can compare this one to. I guess it's a mean analysis paper writing service with excessive prices. It isn't like you'll cooperate with the greatest minds in the universe however all of the writers I hired thus far have been expert sufficient to ship what I wanted. The extra responsible you are when doing it the higher results you will get. It could occur that your trainer makes some updates otherwise you realize that there's something that needs to be modified when it comes to the rules you've supplied your writer with. If every little thing is correct, he or she will affirm the order. If not, the writer will ask you additional questions. In any case, your paper will not be based on negligent instructions. How can you understand that the information you specified within the order form is sufficient for a author to create one thing outstanding?

Write My Essay

Write My Essay You can make certain that you'll all the time get a unique essay, written from scratch and customised primarily based in your necessities. We understand that our clients wish to stay anonymous. This is why we, as an expert writing service, present whole confidentiality whenever you order a paper. All of papers you get at Grademiners.com are meant for research functions only. We’ll use a transparent language, solid educational phrases, only confirmed facts, and related citations. Writing an essay, research paper or term paper is no joke. It takes days of planning, analysis and writing to deliver a high-notch paper. I was solely interested in formatting of my paper in accordance with the up to date APA pointers. The author did a great job formatting the paper with correct referencing. High quality, zero plagiarism, and inexpensive costs are the main ideas that information us in our work. As a trusted essay writing service, we can't take risks and undermine our reputation. That is why we at all times try to satisfy the purchasers’ needs. These are complete confidentiality, security, and glorious results. If you struggle with the project given by a instructor and looking for for help, specialists from our educational writing service are willing to help. As a reputable writing firm, we keep away from tutorial plagiarism at any value. Our service is one of the best reply to a question 'who can write my paper for cheap', which regularly happens within the thoughts of each student. Simply by trying via the prices at Write Any Papers, you can see that reasonably priced papers are another concept we persist with. We perceive the coed are principally residing modestly, that’s why the paper writing assist we provide is reasonably priced. We deliver quality educational papers exactly whenever you need them and earlier than the expected deadline. There are many the reason why you might say write my paper for me. Here at Academized, we imagine that it is okay to ask for help at any time and for any cause. As a customer, try to go intimately when it comes to describing the ins and outs of a given task. The dialogue or suggestions sections of research papers typically embrace ideas for other specific subjects that require further examination. A analysis paper is a bit of academic writing that gives evaluation, interpretation, and argument primarily based on in-depth unbiased analysis. First, set the deadline so a writer can modify his schedule to it. The requirements should as nicely embody the number of pages, the topic and extra info that may help an professional to cope with the issue. If you find that old concepts don't match in addition to you anticipated, you need to reduce them out or condense them. You may also discover that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the primary draft â€" now could be the time to make them a part of the paper. You can even gain inspiration from different research. It certainly isn’t something you'll be able to end overnight. With Writers Per Hour, all you have to do is pay someone to write a paper or hire folks to write down papers and you’ll obtain a excessive-quality paper delivered to you. You can use, obtain, and modify these lecture slides to show students about how to write a analysis paper.

Writepaperfor Me Review [2020 Upd]

Writepaperfor Me Review [2020 Upd] Always avoid questionable sources with no credibility to them. Contact our support team immediately, and we'll discover out together what might have happened. If you don’t know where to startâ€"start from the Wikipedia list of references. Describe the primary ideas of your paper, indicating students who've supplied them, and select which of them suit your analysis paper the best. Evaluate their quality and don’t overlook to cite them. We might help you receive unique work that follows your directions and requirements. This service can ease your studies and increase your grades. Make the key contribution to your grades by getting our writing help! If you work for an excellent company, expect to earn about 30%-forty% per web page what they cost the shoppers. That often comes out to between $10.00 and $15.00 per page. If you're employed for a less-respected firm, this percentage would possibly nicely be less. In general, the much less money the client pays per web page, the much less cash you'll get. If you occurred to find some good ideas in any of your sources, make a note! There is nothing extra frustrating than to be accused of plagiarism because you forgot where the concept you determined to use came from. While you don’t want to benefit from a client’s panic or desperation, the reality is that they may usually be willing to pay extra if time is short. For that matter, you deserve to be paid extra as well, since you will most probably need to juggle some things or pull an all-nighter to make it occur. Generally, rush jobs are priced at $1.00 to $3.00 extra per page, relying upon just how tight the deadline is . If you're employed for a corporation, your fee of pay might be set by the corporate if you're thought-about an worker. However, should you bid on projects, don’t count on a great deal extra freedom, especially at first. Maybe, the notification that your paper is prepared for obtain was identified as spam. Maybe, our managers double-checked your paper with our in-home plagiarism-detection software and you'll receive entry to your assignment inside a minute. First of all, don’t fear and do examine your personal account web page. This is how you can ask us to “write a analysis paper for me” with out paying upfront. Then once more, the quicker you possibly can write, the more cash you'll make (and that holds true regardless of the per-page fee you get). Move from a detailed to a general stage of consideration that returns the subject to the context supplied by the introduction. If the argument or point of your paper is complicated, you could need to summarize the argument on your reader. Not solely can students from the US get our help, however from anyplace on the planet. To provide this assist effectively, we've carried out 24/7 assist. When you place an order on our website, you'll be able to make certain that you gained’t spend plenty of money. Another approach to set the rate of pay is to cost extra for initiatives which are due in a short time. These “rush jobs” are usually priced greater than non-rush jobs, for obvious reasons.

Writepaperfor Me Review [2020 Upd]

Writepaperfor Me Review [2020 Upd] Always avoid questionable sources with no credibility to them. Contact our support team immediately, and we'll discover out together what might have happened. If you don’t know where to startâ€"start from the Wikipedia list of references. Describe the primary ideas of your paper, indicating students who've supplied them, and select which of them suit your analysis paper the best. Evaluate their quality and don’t overlook to cite them. We might help you receive unique work that follows your directions and requirements. This service can ease your studies and increase your grades. Make the key contribution to your grades by getting our writing help! If you work for an excellent company, expect to earn about 30%-forty% per web page what they cost the shoppers. That often comes out to between $10.00 and $15.00 per page. If you're employed for a less-respected firm, this percentage would possibly nicely be less. In general, the much less money the client pays per web page, the much less cash you'll get. If you occurred to find some good ideas in any of your sources, make a note! There is nothing extra frustrating than to be accused of plagiarism because you forgot where the concept you determined to use came from. While you don’t want to benefit from a client’s panic or desperation, the reality is that they may usually be willing to pay extra if time is short. For that matter, you deserve to be paid extra as well, since you will most probably need to juggle some things or pull an all-nighter to make it occur. Generally, rush jobs are priced at $1.00 to $3.00 extra per page, relying upon just how tight the deadline is . If you're employed for a corporation, your fee of pay might be set by the corporate if you're thought-about an worker. However, should you bid on projects, don’t count on a great deal extra freedom, especially at first. Maybe, the notification that your paper is prepared for obtain was identified as spam. Maybe, our managers double-checked your paper with our in-home plagiarism-detection software and you'll receive entry to your assignment inside a minute. First of all, don’t fear and do examine your personal account web page. This is how you can ask us to “write a analysis paper for me” with out paying upfront. Then once more, the quicker you possibly can write, the more cash you'll make (and that holds true regardless of the per-page fee you get). Move from a detailed to a general stage of consideration that returns the subject to the context supplied by the introduction. If the argument or point of your paper is complicated, you could need to summarize the argument on your reader. Not solely can students from the US get our help, however from anyplace on the planet. To provide this assist effectively, we've carried out 24/7 assist. When you place an order on our website, you'll be able to make certain that you gained’t spend plenty of money. Another approach to set the rate of pay is to cost extra for initiatives which are due in a short time. These “rush jobs” are usually priced greater than non-rush jobs, for obvious reasons.

Essay structure How to structure an essay

Essay structure How to structure an essay Essay structure: How to structure an essay Essay writing is a fundamental part of academic learning at every level. However, many students lose valuable marks by failing to structure their essays clearly and concisely in order to make the best of their ideas. So how do you structure an essay correctly? What is the best essay format? This simple guide will show you how to structure an essay by clearly introducing and concluding your argument, and laying out your paragraphs coherently in between. Your essay writing can be dramatically improved overnight simply by using the correct essay structure. How to start an essay Always begin writing essays with an introduction that clearly sets out the aims of what you are about to write and references the title of the piece of work. State what the essay will try to achieve and briefly mention some of the main points you will consider. The idea is to give the marker an overview of your argument, to show that your thought process is logical and coherent and that you have carefully thought the question through. Don’t try to go into any of your key points in depth in your introduction â€" they will each be covered by a full paragraph later on. If the question is an ‘either or’ or a ‘how far do you agree’ question, it is useful to set out both sides of the argument briefly in the introduction in preparation for exploring the two sides later in the essay. For example, if the essay title is “The main purpose of Gothic fiction is to break normal moral and social codes. Discuss.” Essay introduction example: “It is certainly true that many works of Gothic fiction manifest the transgression of normal moral and social codes as their major theme. Their emphasis on female sexuality, their breaking of the boundaries between life and death and their shocking displays of immoral religious characters would all suggest that this is indeed the case. However, it is also important to consider other major aspects of the genre that might be considered equally important in purpose, such as its fascination with the supernatural, its portrayal of artificial humanity and its satirical social attacks. This essay will explore these conflicting purposes with reference to several different Gothic texts to discover what might be best described as the ‘main’ purpose of the genre. Paragraph structure in essay writing You should start a new paragraph for each major new idea within your essay, to clearly show the examiner the structure of your argument. Each paragraph should begin with a signpost sentence that sets out the main point you are going to explore in that section. It is sometimes helpful to refer back to the title of the essay in the signpost sentence, to remind the examiner of the relevance of your point. Essay writing becomes much easier for you too this way, as you remind yourself exactly what you are focusing on each step of the way. Signpost sentence example: One important way in which Gothic fiction transgresses normal moral and social codes is in its portrayal of the female heroine. Further sentences in this paragraph then go on to expand and back up your point in greater detail and with relevant examples. The paragraph should not contain any sentences not directly related to the issue set out in the signpost sentence. So you are writing an essay that clearly separates its ideas into structured sections. How to finish your essay Every well-structured essay ends with a conclusion. Its purpose is to summarise the main points of your argument and, if appropriate, to draw a final decision or judgement about the issues you have been discussing. It is important not to introduce any new ideas in the conclusion â€" it is simply a reminder of what your essay has already covered. It may be useful again to refer back to the title in the conclusion to make it very clear to the examiner that you have thoroughly answered the question at hand. Make sure you remind them of your argument by very concisely touching on each key point. Essay conclusion example: “Overall, whilst it is certainly true that the characters, plots and settings of Gothic fiction seem firmly intended to break normal moral and social codes, the great incidence within the genre of the depiction of the supernatural, and in particular its insistent reference to social injustice and hypocrisy might suggest that in fact its main purpose was the criticism and reform of society.” Final essay structure top tip: To check over the structure of your finished essay, see if you can write a summary of it where you state in one sentence what each paragraph is about. If you need to write more than one sentence for a paragraph your structure isn’t clear enough, you need to split that paragraph into two to separate the key points out. Your essay writing should come on in leaps and bounds if you follow these top tips to good essay structure. Get one step closer to achieving top class marks with the help of an editor to ensure that your essay is structured and formatted to the utmost quality. Many students choose to ask their course colleagues to help with this or from professional editors who can check for any errors and omissions so that your essay is ready for its submission deadline. Want help with your essays? Oxbridge Essays, based in the heart of Central London, is the UK's leading academic support service, offering custom essays, dissertation writing, model exam answers and more. Find out more about how we can help you You may also like... 5 reasons you need your work edited by an academic Understanding feedback from your essay marker Marking: from a marker’s perspective essay writingwriting a good essaywriting tips

Who Were the Seljuks

The Seljuk (pronounced sahl-JOOK, and variously transliterated as Seldjuq, Seldjuk, or al-Salajiqa) refers to two branches of a dynastic Sunni (maybe, scholars are torn) Muslim Turkish confederation that ruled much of Central Asia and Anatolia in the 11th–14th centuries CE. The Great Seljuk Sultanate was based in Iran, Iraq, and central Asia from between about 1040–1157. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which is what the Muslims called Anatolia, was based in Asia Minor between 1081–1308. The two groups were strikingly different in complexity and control, and they did not get along due to disputes between them over who was the legitimate leadership. The Seljuks called themselves a dynasty (dawla), sultanate (saltana), or kingdom (mulk); it was only the central Asian branch who grew to empire status.   Origins of Seljuk The Seljuk family has its origins with the Oghuz (Turkish Ghuzz) who lived in 8th century Mongolia during the Gok Turk Empire (522–774 CE). The Seljuk name (in Arabic al-Saljuqiyya), comes from the long-lived familys founder Seljuk (ca. 902–1009). Seljuk and his father Duqaq were military commanders of the Khazar state and may well have been Jewish—most of the Khazar elites were. Seljuk and Duqaq revolted against Khazar apparently in conjunction with a successful attack by the Rus in 965 which ended the Khazar state. Seljuk and his father (and about 300 horsemen, 1,500 camels, and 50,000 sheep) headed for Samarkand, and in 986 arrived in Jand near modern Kyzylorda in the northwest of modern Kazakhstan, when the region was in significant turmoil. There Seljuk converted to Islam, and he died at the age of 107. His elder son Arslan Israil (d. 1032) took over leadership; becoming embroiled in local politics he was arrested. The arrest exascerbated an already-existing division between Seljuk supporters: a few thousand called themselves the Iraqiyya and migrated westward to Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia, eventually forming the Seljuk sultanate; many more remained in Khurasan, and after many battles, went on to establish the Great Seljuk Empire. The Great Seljuk Empire The Great Seljuk Empire was a central Asian empire that to some degree controlled an area from Palestine on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean to Kashgar in western China, far larger than competing Muslim empires such as the Fatimids in Egypt and the Almoravids in Morocco and Spain. The empire was founded in Nishapur, Iran around 1038 CE, when the branch of Seljuk descendants arrived; by 1040, they had seized Nishapur and all of modern eastern Iran, Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. Eventually there would come to be an eastern and western half, with the eastern based at Merv, in modern Turkmenistan, and the western in Rayy (near modern day Tehran), Isfahan, Baghdad, and Hamadhan. Bound together by the Islamic religion and traditions, and at least nominally subject to the Abbasid caliphate (750–1258) of the Islamic empire, the Great Seljuk empire was made up of an astoundingly diverse range of religious, linguistic, and ethnic groups, including Muslims, but also Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Scholars, pilgrims, and merchants used the ancient Silk Road and other transportation networks to maintain contact. The Seljuks intermarried with Persians and adopted many aspects of the Persian language and culture. By 1055, they controlled all of Persia and Iraq as far as Baghdad. The Abbasid caliph, al-Qaim, awarded the Seljuk leader Toghril Beg the title sultan for his assistance against a Shia adversary. Seljuk Turks Far from a monolithic, unified state, the Seljuk sultanate remained a loose confederation in what is today Turkey was called Rum (meaning Rome). The Anatolian ruler was known as the Sultan of Rum. The territory, controlled by the Seljuks between 1081–1308, was never exactly defined, and it never included all of what is today modern Turkey. Large parts of coastal Anatolia remained in the hands of various Christian rulers (Trebizond on the northern coast, Cilicia on the southern coast, and Nicaea on the western coast), and the piece that the Seljuks controlled was most of the central and southeastern part, including parts of what is today the states of Syria and Iraq. Seljuk capitals were at Konya, Kayseri, and Alanya, and each of those cities included at least one palace complex, where the sultan and his household lived and held court. Collapse of the Seljuks The Seljuk Empire may have begun to weaken as early as 1080 CE, when underlying internal tensions broke out between the sultan Malikshah and his vizier Nizam al Mulk. The death or assassination of both men in October 1092 led to the fragmenting of the empire as rival sultans battled one another for another 1,000 years. By the 12th century, the remaining Seljuks were targets of the Crusaders from western Europe. They lost much of the eastern part of their empire to Khwarezm in 1194, and the Mongols finished off the Seljuk remnant kingdom in Anatolia in the 1260s. Sources and Further Reading Basan, Osman Aziz. The Great Seljuks in Turkish Historiography. University of Edinburgh, 2002.  Peacock, A. C. S. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.  Peacock, A. C. S., and Sara Nur Yildiz, eds. The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, 2013.  Polczynski, Michael. Seljuks on the Baltic: Polish-Lithuanian Muslim Pilgrims in the Court of Ottoman Sultan Sà ¼leyman I. Journal of Early Modern History 19.5 (2015): 409–37.  Shukarov, Rustam. Trebizond and the Seljuks (1204-1299). Mà ©sogeios 25–26 (2005): 71–136.

Cybercrime While Surfing The Internet - 1389 Words

Megdelawit Woldeselassie Ms. Johnson ENG 1301-09 04 April 2016 Cybercrime While surfing the internet, I came across an interesting article written on how the use of technology is endangering people s privacy. Unlike any generation that came before us, we live in a time where technology plays a significant role in our daily lives. Even to a point that we can t do much without it. We rely on our phones, computers, and the GPS in our cars to go on about our day. It came into my concern how vulnerable we are. We are constantly sharing information like our past history, current identity, bank account information and even our location in return for different services that are provided on the internet by different companies. Since the internet offers a large number of prospective audiences, ease of access, anonymity, combined with a rapid flow of information it opens the door for a crime. What is now referred to cybercrime? My goal in this paper is to explore the cyber world and the crimes committed every day using sources I found and to discuss the impact of th is technology on the private lives of people. Cybercrime is a crime that involves a computer and a network. It occurs when a person accesses a computer or a network without authorization to obtain information. () The person engaged in this activities is generally referred to as a hacker. The first â€Å"hackers† emerged in the 1960s at M.I.T. and were more interested in toy trains than computers. They were members of aShow MoreRelatedCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract-This research explores the different forms of cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals, both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutionsRead MoreThe Dominance Of O nline Shopping1284 Words   |  6 Pagesrisks like scamming, hacking, cybercrimes, and fraud which put shoppers’ privacy in jeopardy. Consequently, the personal data that online customers impetuously disclose are closely monitored and sometimes misused by marketers or other data gathering agencies. Consumers’ awareness of the susceptibility of personal information security measures is alarmingly low. Privacy intruders can easily come up with tricks to track customers online shopping and internet surfing habits and build extensive personalRead MoreIs Identity Theft Or Having Credit Card Or Banking Information Stolen?1352 Words   |  6 Pagesand more dependent on the internet and cyber technology than we ever have been, it is almost natural for criminals to find a way to learn to exploit the information available. While there are some internet hackers and activists that utilize their skills to send a message or to push an agenda, there are many hackers and cyber criminals that utilize their skills illegally for monetary gain. Many of us have most of our bills and finances online, and we utilize the internet to track and manage theseRead MoreCyber Secuirty and Cyber Crime1643 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Crime and Security Cybercrime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category. Additionally, although the terms computer crime and cybercrime are more properly restricted to describing criminal activity in which the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, these terms are also sometimesRead MoreComparing Cyberwarfare And Private Sectors1438 Words   |  6 Pagesstealing classified and sensitive data from the opposing side, while sabotage consist of breaching the enemies ‘ security networks and weapon systems. Additionally, the motive that baits the interest of hacktivism and private sectors are quite similar, these lawbreakers are often financially motivated, in 2013 the FBI have found over 3000 companies ranging from small retail shops to major defense contractors that were victims of t hese cybercrimes. Furthermore, technology is evolving at an incredible rateRead MoreCybercrime : Cybercrime And Cybercrime2257 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: CYBERCRIME CYBERCRIME PAPER Pooja Patil MCS 5993 spring 2016 First Paper Due 11/04/2016 Dr.Terrance Dillard INTRODUCTION Crime is a typical word that we generally heard in this globalization period, Crime is related to violations of the law or it is related to the commission of a demonstration prohibited by law .In this technological world cybercrime is the new kind of crime. There is a considerable measure of definitions for cybercrime. According to WikipediaRead MoreHacker Culture And Mitigation : Cyber Crime1828 Words   |  8 Pagestheir operations to a standstill. The hackers stole over a hundred terabytes of private date containing salaries, Social Security Numbers, movies, and others personal identifiable data. A few days later, the stolen data started popping up on the internet along with GOP’s demands including a warning not to release the movie â€Å"The Interview† (Sanchez, 2015). In this paper, an analysis of the motivation behind the attack and response to safeguard against further breeching will be dealt with. SpecificRead MoreTechnological Advances1329 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, the expansion of the internet, the use of customer relationship management software and the growing popularity of social networking websites, have revolutionized the marketing and advertising industries, creating a highly profitable platform for both consumers and businesses to establish long term relationships with each other. 75.77% of Americans and 23.93% of people from around the world have access to the internet, making the internet an exceptional space for successful adRead MoreUnderstanding The Reading Strategy Of Cause And Effect1308 Words   |  6 Pagesyour whole life this structure will apply when you’re in school, work and even in your personal. With school if you don’t study for a test 75% of the time you might even fail. With work if you don’t do your job correctly there will be repercussions. While in life well there are multiply causes and numerous effects it just depend if the wind blows in your favor. Trust me, I’ve had my share of outcomes, but now with this better understanding of the reading strategy of Cause Effect. I can say that theRead MoreCyber Crime2799 Words   |  12 Pagesfunctions. Cybercrime, which is rapidly increasing in frequency and in severity, requires us to rethink how we should enforce our criminal laws. The current model of reactive, police-based enforcement, with its origins in real-world urbanization, does not and cannot protect society from criminals using computer technology. This paper gives detailed information regarding cybercrime, its types, modes of cyber crime and security measures including prevention to deal effectively with cybercrime. It demonstrates

Face to Face Skills for Customer Service Free Essays

Face to Face Summer Erxleben MAR2305 December 17, 2011 Brandi Summers Face to Face The manner in which I handled this customer service call was unprofessional and handled very poorly. I did not answer the phone within three rings or use the proper greeting that the company requires. There were many things I could have done different in this situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Face to Face Skills for Customer Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now First and foremost I should have done my job and handled her situation right away. However, that was not the case. Since I did not, there were other ways I could have smoothed things over with Aretha and rectified the situation. I should have answered the phone according to the company’s guidelines of answering before three rings and using the standard greeting. I should have not discussed any personal issues that I was having with her or used those as an excuse as to why I did not return her phone call. I should have gone straight to apologizing for my mistake and resolving the issue. I feel as if Aretha was justified in how she treated me. She was frustrated and expressed it to me. I made her angrier over the situation by trying to excuse my actions instead of trying to find a resolution. Personal issues and priorities can sometimes effect customer service because employees can let the mood over them flow into the work environment. An employee could possibly treat a customer with anger or indifference because of these issues. They can also be distracted from performing their required tasks. It is important to separate your home life from your work life. There are times an employee will need to put on a smile and positive attitude even when faced with such issues. How to cite Face to Face Skills for Customer Service, Papers

The Promise Keepers Against Adultery Essay Example For Students

The Promise Keepers Against Adultery Essay I. IntroductionLast fall, 700,000 men gathered at our nations Capital to focus on mending relationships. Their goals were to help men end adulterous behavior, quit abusing and neglecting the women and children in their lives, and renew their promises to their families. Knowing this, it is hard to understand why this rally would be seen as a threat rather than honorable. Imagine 700,000 men acknowledging the areas in which theyve failed and wanting to take responsibility for their actions. My father was one of these men. Knowing him in the capacity that I do, anything or anyone that can make him acknowledge his imperfections is to be admired! Now why am I telling you this? Why does it matter? People perceived these men as a threat. They were neither welcomed nor respected for taking a stand in what they felt was important. This matters because Conservative Christian thinkers are forced to face this type of discriminating judgement daily. We will write a custom essay on The Promise Keepers Against Adultery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now II. One article that I read pertaining to the Promise Keeper gathering was titled Invasion of the Promise Keepers. (a) I found this rather ironic. Why would men eager to finally take responsibility be seen as invading? As a woman, I would rather be with a man who openly admitted that he wasnt always right and who respected and honored me, than to be with a man who did not. (b) Evidently, however, not all women want to be appreciated. Many openly condemned them for their attempts. Protestors of both genders greeted these men with the phrase racist, sexist, homophobe, go home.III. In an issue of Time, one reporter addresses this type of religious discrimination. He states that the fight is not so much over what people ought to believe; it is over what they can say, and where, and to whom. He then goes on to give the following examples:(a) The Pennsylvania Supreme Court threw out the sentence of a murderer who killed a 70-year-old woman with an ax because the prosecuting attorney cited Biblical law in requesting the death penalty. (b) In Decateur, IL, an elementary, public school teacher demanded that her seven-year-old students mark out the word God printed in their phonics book. (c) In Oak Park, IL, a private Catholic hospital was not allowed to erect a cross because it could potentially offend some the towns residents. IV. As one who has experienced this particular type of discrimination, I have often wondered why someone would form a general opinion of disgust with such a large, diverse group of people. For this reason, I have often asked those who felt a great dislike for Christians in general why they felt the way they did. (a) Some recalled times a child when a Christian condemned them for not believing as they felt that person should believe. (b) Others had been raised in a Christian Church and dislike the judgmental behavior of many of their fellow churchgoers and felt constricted by rules. (c) As a Christian, I have experienced the latter. Many times when I have made mistakes, my peers have pointed them out whether they needed to or not. For this reason, I can relate. (d) However, I also know, as a Christian, that through this experience, I have learned not to make this mistake myself. As a result, it is even more difficult for me to be categorized as someone who does act in this manner. V. ConclusionI must stress that I am not stereotyping all religious people as sincere individuals. However, I do believe that because one practices Christianity does not mean that one hates and condemns all those who exercise different beliefs. In fact, Christians are taught to avoid being judgmental, to do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Thus, if one truly practices Christianity, the terms racist, sexist, and homophobe do not apply.

The Great Gatsby Quotes and Analysis

The Great Gatsby Quotes and Analysis The following quotes from  The Great Gatsby  by F. Scott Fitzgerald are some of the most recognizable lines in American literature. The novel, which follows the pursuit of pleasure by the wealthy elites of the New York Jazz Age, deals with themes of love, idealism, nostalgia, and illusion. In the quotes that follow, well analyze how Fitzgerald conveys these themes. â€Å"I hope shell be a fool – thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.†Ã‚  (Chapter 1) Daisy Buchanan is talking about her young daughter when she makes this seemingly-unfeeling statement. In reality, this quote demonstrates a rare moment of sensitivity and self-awareness for Daisy. Her words show a deep understanding of the world around her, particularly the idea that society rewards women for being foolish rather than smart and ambitious. This statement adds greater depth to Daisys character, suggesting that perhaps her lifestyle is an active choice rather than the result of a frivolous mindset. â€Å"It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced – or seemed to face – the whole eternal world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself, and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey.†Ã‚  (Chapter 3) The novel’s narrator, young salesman Nick Carraway, describes Jay Gatsby thusly when he first encounters the man in person. In this description, focused on Gatsby’s particular manner of smiling, he captures Gatsby’s easy, assured, almost magnetic charisma. A huge part of Gatsby’s appeal is his ability to make anyone feel like the most important person in the room. This quality mirrors Nick’s own early perceptions of Gatsby: feeling unusually lucky to be his friend, when so many others never even meet him in person. However, this passage also  foreshadows  Gatsby’s showmanship and ability to put on whatever mask someone wants to see. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. (Chapter 3) Although  The Great Gatsby  is often held up as a celebration of Jazz Age culture, it’s actually the opposite, often  critiquing the era’s  carefree hedonism. Fitzgerald’s language here captures the beautiful but impermanent nature of the wealthy’s lifestyle. Like moths, they’re always attracted to whatever the brightest light happens to be, flitting away when something else grabs their attention. Stars, champagne, and whisperings are all romantic but temporary and, ultimately, useless. Everything about their lives is very beautiful and full of sparkle and shine, but disappears when the harsh light of day- or reality- appears.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"No amount of fire or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart.† (Chapter 5) As Nick reflects on Gatsby’s opinion of Daisy, he realizes how much Gatsby has built her up in his mind, so much so that no real person could ever live up to the fantasy. After meeting and being separated from Daisy, Gatsby spent years idealizing and romanticizing his memory of her, turning her into more illusion than woman. By the time they meet again, Daisy has grown and changed; she is a real and flawed human who could never measure up to Gatsby’s image of her. Gatsby continues to love Daisy, but whether he loves the real Daisy or simply the fantasy he believes her to be remains unclear. â€Å"Can’t repeat the past?†¦Why of course you can!†Ã‚  (Chapter 6) If there’s one statement that sums up Gatsby’s entire philosophy, this is it. Throughout his adult life, Gatsby’s goal has been to recapture the past. Specifically, he longs to recapture the past romance he had with Daisy. Nick, the realist, tries to point out that recapturing the past is impossible, but Gatsby utterly rejects that idea. Instead, he believes that money is the key to happiness, reasoning that if you have enough money, you can make even the wildest dreams come true. We see this belief in action with Gatsbys wild parties, thrown just to attract Daisy’s attention, and his insistence on rekindling his affair with her. Notably, however, Gatsbys entire identity stemmed from his initial attempt to escape his poor background, which is what motivated him to create the persona of Jay Gatsby. â€Å"So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.†Ã‚  (Chapter 9) This sentence is the final line of the novel, and one of the most famous lines in all of literature. By this point, Nick, the narrator, has become disillusioned with Gatsbys hedonistic displays of wealth. He has seen how Gatsby’s fruitless, desperate quest- to escape his past identity and recapture his past romance with Daisy- destroyed him. Ultimately, no amount of money or time was enough to win Daisy, and none of the novels characters were able to escape the limitations imposed by their own pasts. This final statement serves as a commentary on the very concept of  the American dream, which claims that anyone can be anything, if only they work hard enough. With this sentence, the novel seems to suggest that such hard work will prove futile, because the â€Å"currents† of nature or society will always push one back towards the past.

Quests and Questions

Quests and Questions Quests and Questions Quests and Questions By Mark Nichol Many words with the letters que or qui stem from the Latin verb quaerere, which means â€Å"ask† or â€Å"seek,† and therefore pertain to questions and quests. This post lists and discusses such words. Quest was originally synonymous with inquest (literally, â€Å"search in†), which refers to a legal investigation, but the former word came to apply generally to any search or mission. Now, quest is often associated with chivalric adventures or related journeys in fantasy literature. (Bequest, referring to an act of providing for someone in a will, is the noun form of bequeath and is unrelated.) Question originally referred to a problem of philosophy or theology but later, by association, pertained to anything intended to prompt an answer or a discussion and came to serve as a verb as well. An act of interrogation is a questioning, someone who questions is a questioner, and an act of a dubious nature (which would prompt observers to question the actor’s morals or motives) is questionable. Query is synonymous with question as both a noun and a verb. Querent, likewise, is a synonym for questioner but usually in the context of someone who seeks astrological insight; it is rare. To inquire is to ask, and an act of asking is an inquiry; the latter word is also synonymous with inquest. (The variations enquire and enquiry are associated with British English but are sometimes used by writers in the United States.) Inquisition has the stronger sense of an interrogation; the adjectival form inquisitive implies mere curiosity, but it usually has the connotation of excessive interest. An investigation may also be referred to as a disquisition, although this term may alternatively refer to a long speech. Request also means â€Å"ask† as well as â€Å"something asked,† and originally was synonymous with the related verb require, but the latter term came to refer to asking something with the expectation that it must be answered; this imperative sense is matched in the noun form requirement. Something requisite is required in the sense of â€Å"necessary,† and a requisition is an instance of asking for something considered essential. The noun and adjective prerequisite, which literally means â€Å"required beforehand,† is not to be confused with perquisite (â€Å"thing sought†), which is often abbreviated to perk in the sense of â€Å"benefits of employment or membership.† Terms that may not appear to be related but are include the verb acquire (â€Å"earn† or â€Å"gain,† from the sense â€Å"seek to obtain†) and its adjectival forms acquired and acquisitive and noun form acquisition, the verb conquer (â€Å"search for†) and its noun form conquest (and the English and Spanish actor nouns conqueror and conquistador), and the adjective exquisite (literally, â€Å"carefully sought†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Excited ABOUT, not "for" Parataxis and Hypotaxis

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The person behind this is Ingvar Kamprad, a dyslexic, who established IKEA in Almhult, Sweden at the age of 17. The ownership is under a Dutch-registered foundation which is run by the family of Ingvar Kamprad. The owner and franchiser is Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which also holds the IKEA trademark and the IKEA concept. The mother company of IKEA Group of Companies is INGKA Holding B. V., who is also the owner of Swedwood Industrial group, and is owned solely by Stichting INGKA Foundation which is registered in Netherlands. The said IKEA concept is based on different functional home and furnishing products that are sold in cheap price – enough to make it affordable to many people because the concept aims to cater to the needs of people to have a good life by having a nice and comfortable house. The IKEA concept is still maintained up to now and can be seen through the transaction of every business. IKEA has also the idea of getting out of the status quo of producing high quality materials with a high-end price and producing low quality product at low price. For them, it is better to produce high quality products that are affordable. This is possible according to IKEA through having devises that are cost-efficient and innovative at the same time. With this thinking, IKEA is successful in creating good products with nice designs at affordable price. The IKEA brand has complex ownership because it is owned by so many companies and foundations. Then those companies which are considered retailers pay 3% royalty of the total sales to the original owners, which is the Kamprad family. The distribution of products is made through different outlets around the world. There are 251 stores which can be found in 34 countries dominantly in Europe, United States, Canada, Asia, Middle East, and Australia. The countries which have the first IKEA store are Sweden (1958), Norway (1963), Denmark (1969), Switzerland (1973), Germany (1974),

Food and Culture Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food and Culture Report - Assignment Example The most prominent nutritional ailment is obesity, which has a higher prevalence among African-Americans, as compared to any other group in the United States. These facts have motivated the interest on focusing on this ethnic group’s health habits. Approximate number of people belonging to this group living in the U.S. According to the 2011 U.S Census Bureau estimates, African-Americans number approximately 40 million and account for 14.1 percent of the total population in the United States.1 Traditional Food Habits Core or Staple Foods When African slaves were brought into the United States, they carried along their food practices and styles of cooking. Some of the staple foods they brought along include okra, peanuts, sesame seeds, rice and black-eyed peas. The slaves also learned to prepare the food provided by their masters such as pork, vegetables and cornmeal. They also used molasses as a sweetener in food dishes and drinks such as iced tea. These are still being applied to date. African-Americans also celebrate their cultural holidays through the promotion of unique cooking, characterized by ethnic styles which are sometimes referred to as soul food.2 For instance, fish has always been considered a staple food among the African-Americans. ... Food Preparation Methods and Seasonings Many African-Americans prepare food using a frying or barbecuing method and serve the prepared dishes with heavy sauces and gravy. They also prefer making baked goods from scratch, as opposed to using commercial mixes, which come pre-packaged in a box. Meal Composition and Cycle It is customary for African Americans to consume a lot of food for breakfast. In the morning, they prefer eating grits, sausage, ham and freshly baked biscuits with syrup and butter. Lunch usually consists of bologna, which is eaten in sandwiches. The dinner is normally baked chicken with corn bread, baked ham, green vegetables, rice, candied yams and baked macaroni and cheese. Dessert is comprised of fruit cake and/or apple pie. Foods Associated With Superstitions Most of the superstitions revolve around the consumption of black-eyed peas. If the black-eyed peas are served with greens the food represents money i.e. the peas represent coins while the greens represent no tes.2 If the corn bread is added to the black-eyed peas and greens meal, this represents gold. If eaten with stewed tomatoes, it represents health and wealth. The culture dictates that for one to witness everyday luck, they should eat at least 365 black-eyed peas during New Year’s Eve. Foods Used For Therapeutic Purposes Most contemporary African Americans have become more health conscious and realize the significance of ensuring that their diets contribute to their well-being.3 This has resulted in an increase in the addition of fruits and vegetables in every dish. They have also ventured into healthier and lighter cooking with the traditional fattier foods being left for special holidays and occasions. Foods for Traditional Celebrations

Role Expansion of Support Staff in the NHS

Role Expansion of Support Staff in the NHS Abstract In this dissertation we examine the various aspects of role expansion of support staff within the confines of the NHS. We consider it on both a broad front and also make specific examination of those issues that concern staff connected with the operating theatres. We consider the background and political pressures that make role expansion desirable and possible. We also consider the implications of expansion in the NHS on both a professional and practical level. The issues are discussed in both specific and general terms. We illustrate three types of role expansion by reference to specific professional examples. One example is of the expansion from a caring role to that of the specialist provider, the second can be considered an example of role extension within a professional setting and the third is a natural expansion of the role which is required as technology and practice evolve. Methodology The methodology of this exploration was primarily by literature research. Progressive lines of enquiry were identified, researched and recorded. New lines of enquiry were identified as research progressed, and these were also examined for relevance and researched if considered appropriate to the theme of the dissertation. The literature search was mainly from library facilities. Local University, Post-Graduate hospital and public library facilities were extensively used together with some Internet based investigation. Some personal email enquiries were made from individuals who had experienced professional expansion and advice was taken in regard to both literature and direction of research. Introduction There is little doubt that the role of support staff has changed within the working lifetime of professionals currently working in the NHS. The thrust of this dissertation is to examine the means, the mechanisms and the degrees by which their role has changed. It barely needs stating that the NHS has changed. The political climate in which it operates has seen the NHS occupy varying positions of political prominence. Politicians are frequently seen publicly promising various sums of money for various projects of modernisation, expansion or generally to improve services. Every so often there is a major structural realignment of the management focus and mechanisms which, inevitably percolate through the tiers of control until the changes are felt at the level of the worker. In addition to this there are the technological changes which are largely independent of the politicians and the management structure. The rate of change in techniques, technology, support equipment and expertise appears to be increasing at an exponential rate. It clearly follows that the professional requirements of the support staff must keep pace with these changes and the training that they receive must inevitably reflect the needs of the ever changing working environment. (Ashburner L et al 1996) Evidence of change In any rational discussion, it is vital to work from a firm and secure evidence base. (EHC 1999). This requires careful and critical appraisal of the evidence and a decision as to just how applicable it is to the situation under consideration. In this dissertation we shall therefore be presenting evidence to support this evidence base together with appropriate assessments and judgements as to its validity. Most professionals working in the NHS would attest, if asked, to a perception of a continuous pace of change. Such anecdotal evidence, although interesting, is of little value to any form of critical appraisal. There are a number of reasonably â€Å"hard† statistics that give us much firmer evidence of change in the NHS. Let us consider some of the employment statistics published by the Department of Health for the NHS (whole of UK) and refers to non-medical staff. In 1997 the total number of NHS hospital and community based staff was 935,000. Of these 67% were direct care staff and 33% were management staff. The 67% direct care staff could be broken down into 330,620 nursing, midwifery and health visiting staff (246,010 being qualified) 100,440 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff 17,940 healthcare assistants 21,430 were managers the rest were estates, clerical and administrative staff 79% were women and 6% were from ethnic minorities (NSO 1998) If we compare this with the situation in 2000 by looking at the same parameters we can see: 346,180 nursing, midwifery and health visitor staff (256,280 were qualified). 110,410 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff 62,870 support staff and 23,140 healthcare assistants. 68% were direct care staff and 32% were management and support staff. 79% were women and 7% from the ethnic minorities (NSO 2001) And in 2001 we find a further difference, which is rather more dramatic: 458, 580 nursing, midwifery and health visitor staff (330,540 were qualified) 139,050 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff 23,140 healthcare assistants. 82% were women and 6% from the ethnic minorities (NSO 2002) If we go further back we can find evidence of 93,950 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff were employed, and there were 13,090 healthcare assistants in 1995 (NSO 1996) If we consider the documented trends in support staff we can trace 1995 93,950 1997 100,440 2000 110,410 2001 139,050 Over a comparatively short time there has clearly been a demonstrable increase in terms of numbers employed , nearly a 50% increase on the 1995 levels in six years. Reasons for change In opening this dissertation we made anecdotal reference to the political agenda that shaped the NHS. The NHS has historically been high in the public’s perception of a tangible measure of a Government’s success in delivering its regularly promised higher standard of living. It is partly for this reason, that successive governments have felt it politically expedient to invest increasing sums of money in measures for both expansion and improvement together with various drives aimed at increasing efficiency. (Ham C 1999) In the recent past there have been a raft of measures that have been produced which have all played their part in the evolution of the NHS to its current configuration and in doing so have expanded the role of not only the support worker but virtually all of the workers in the NHS at the same time. One of the first measures which was an overt indication of the forthcoming changes in working practice was the introduction of the performance indicators (Beecham L 1994) These were progressively introduced form 1992 onwards and in some respects could be considered the forerunner of the move towards National Service Frameworks. The original performance indicators imposed a duty or obligation on Trusts to carry out certain procedures within a specified maximum time. For example the indicators introduced in 1994-5 were on waiting times for first outpatient appointment and also for charters in General Practice. Although there were clear obligations on medical and nursing staff to make available sufficient sessions in order to see the patients, it is clear that the increased throughput of patients would clearly impact on the working practices (and work load) of the support staff. To a large extent, this can be seen from the figures presented at the beginning of this work. The 50% increase in staffing levels amongst the support staff reflects, in a large part, the changes that were consequent on the imposition of the performance indicators. The initial indicators proved to be quite onerous in terms of achieving compliance even though the later ones gave tighter requirements still. For example the 1994 indicators set a target of 90% of patients seen by a consultant within 26 weeks of a written referral letter being received from the General Practitioner in the major specialities of general medicine, general surgery and dermatology. (Editor BMJ 1994) It follows that this target is not quite as innocuous as it might at first appear. If we accept the fact that a substantial number of patients were already waiting for considerably longer than 26 weeks it represented a major shift in working practices to meet this particular deadline. Once the patients were seen it followed that they then had to have whatever treatment was thought to be appropriate. An increase in outpatients seen inevitably means an increase in patients waiting for inpatient treatment. So either the waiting lists go up further for inpatient treatment, or there is also a change of working practice to accommodate an increase in demand. This inevitably also impacts on the support staff as much as it does on the medical staff. (Langham S et al 1997) We shall consider this particular phenomenon in greater depth later when we consider the expansion of the nurse to specialist endoscopist and the running of one-stop clinics. Some novel methods were invoked to try to accommodate this shift in demand. There was a substantial increase in the frequency of day case surgery. Not only were a greater variety of surgical procedures being routinely carried out as day cases but it also resulted in more patients being assessed as suitable to undergo day case surgery. (HSE 2001) The same phenomenon of knock on effects arose form some of the other performance indicators. One of the original indicators was the percentage of patients seen within 5 mins of entering the casualty department. It follows that as hospitals strove to increase their performance indicators and the percentage of patients seen promptly rose, having been seen they then had to be treated and the same argument applies. Either there is an increase in the number of patients awaiting treatment in the A E departments, or there is a change in working practice to accommodate them and also to get them treated sooner. The organisation and efficiency of this system falls heavily on the support staff who clearly had to be able to accommodate this increased demand. (Langham S et al 1997) The indicators eventually began to involve inpatient statistics as well as outpatient ones. One, introduced in 1996, was on the number and availability of emergency operating theatres. More evidence of the reasons for this change comes from a paper by Scally and Donaldson (1998). We note that it was actually written by Liam Donaldson when he was a Regional Director of the NHS before he subsequently became Secretary of State for Health, so his comments can be taken with suitable gravitas. A critical analysis of the paper shows that it makes a number of points that are really overtly political, but it outlines the trend of change of emphasis where the improvements expected through clinical governance will not only be an â€Å"ideal goal† but will become a statutory requirement. This clearly pre-empts the changes prescribed in the NHS Plan. The paper outlines new goals â€Å"in which financial control, service performance, and clinical quality are fully integrated at every level† are behind the major thrust of the piece. Careful reading of the paper strongly suggests that inherent in the restructuring plans is a change in emphasis onto expansion of professional roles and greater working flexibility between professions which is fundamental to our considerations here. (Gray C 2005). We also note that the â€Å"stage was being set† for the potential role change of healthcare professionals in general and the four main precepts of this paper impact on that belief, namely: Clinical governance is to be the main vehicle for continuously improving the quality of patient care and developing the capacity of the NHS in England to maintain high standards (including dealing with poor professional performance) It requires an organisation-wide transformation; clinical leadership and positive organisational cultures are particularly important Professional self regulation will be the key to dealing with the complex problems of poor performance among clinicians New approaches are needed to enable the recognition and replication of good clinical practice to ensure that lessons are reliably learned from failures in standards of care It is clearly significant that all of these points were implemented and indeed, expanded, when Donaldson was appointed to the office of Secretary of State for Health and they can be seen as both enhancing and reinforcing the points that we have presented relating to the guidance from the Nursing Midwifery Council about the expansion of professional roles. Because of their seminal importance in the examination of our subject, let us consider the background to these points further. We note that Donaldson was originally recruited from a business background and the record shows that he has chosen to apply a great many sound and proven business principles to both the structuring and the workings of the NHS. Many of his strategies and perhaps ideas, have a clear ancestry in the Cadbury Report (1992) which effectively analysed the overall impact of governance and issues of changing working practices and consequent responsibility in the business world. The report focused on the issues surrounding an expansion of responsibility and a consequent failure to take responsibility for one’s actions, frequently passing on the implied responsibility to another employee in the same company. It found this practice to be both counterproductive and inefficient and frequently would lead to defensive stances and attitudes being adopted. When problems arose, they were therefore far more difficult to actively solve. (Lakhani M 2005) Donaldson was instrumental in applying this strategy to a clinical setting within the working practices of the NHS. This particular paper takes the view that by promoting individual professional responsibility he would be encouraging a system that would allow:- NHS organisations to be accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. By implication this argument extends to the expansion and role realignment in general terms throughout the NHS. We shall consider the elements in this paper which are of relevance to these arguments. Staff self-esteem is of great value to an organisation. Frequently this is associated with increased responsibility and a firm professional footing. (Davies HTO et al. 2000). Donaldson and Scally clearly espouse the virtue of professional responsibility at all levels in an organisation and encourage staff to take, rather than to devolve responsibility for their actions and indeed seek to ideally provide a ambience that is conducive to expansion of responsibility which therefore generally benefits the whole organisation. Tools of change Although we are primarily considering the support worker in this dissertation we must first broaden the agenda in order to set our examination in an appropriate context. There have been a number of Government White Papers, consultative documents and advisory initiatives that have concerned the workings of the NHS. Some have greater practical significance than others. There appear to have been significantly more in the last decade than previously and anecdotal and observational evidence would seem to suggest that these too, are increasing at an exponential rate. One of the landmark plans in recent years has been the NHS Plan. It has been compared by some commentators as being on comparative magnitude as the original inception of the NHS in 1948 (Shortell SM et al 1998). It is quite possible that a cynical appraisal of the Plan would see it is little more than the result of political rhetoric and pre-emptive manoeuvring as a response to the perceived public disquiet about the state of the NHS. On the other extreme the optimist might view it as a positive plan for major improvement. (Moss et al 1995). Having the benefit of hindsight, there is no doubt that it has been the catalyst for a number of significant changes in the NHS, it is, of course, totally dependent upon your own particular viewpoint as to whether these changes are regarded as beneficial or otherwise. One has to be extremely careful in evaluating such comments as clearly it depends on the criteria chosen for evaluation as to whether the reform will appear to be positive or negative. (Bilsberry J. 1996) One only has to consider the debacle which ensued after the introduction of the Griffiths Report in the 1980s (Griffiths Report 1983). This was considered to be a major reform of the management structure of the NHS. There was general agreement that the management had become to unwieldy, detached and inefficient with too many layers of management. (Davies,C et al. 2000), The Griffiths Report was commissioned with the specific purpose of streamlining the management profile and was charged with the specific responsibility of improving both efficiency and accountability. The subsequent plan was unveiled and introduced piecemeal. In the words of the Government appointed reviewer of the episode :- These were a set of reforms that were designed to â€Å"streamline the administration â€Å" of the NHS. It involved a major change in emphasis in the way that the NHS was run, and in short, it was badly conceived, patchily implemented and introduced piecemeal. By any critical analysis it proved to be a complete disaster. (Davidmann 1988) It is not actually possible to pass judgement on whether the plan would have been successful or not as its method of introduction was generally seen to be its downfall. In essence, its introduction was not managed in any contemporary sense of the word, it was simply imposed and the chaos that ensued prompted the government to institute another report to glean what lessons it could form the whole affair. (Davidmann 1988). It is fair to comment that the majority of reforms that have been introduced since that time have been far more professionally managed and their introduction (whatever their eventual outcome) have generally been comparatively smooth and uneventful (Bennis et al 1999) The area of change management as a science and discipline is both extremely involved and complex. Changing the structure of a massive and established organisation such as the NHS is clearly difficult with established attitudes, working practices and inherent inertia. The lessons learned from the Griffiths Report appear to have been successfully applied to the introduction of the NHS Plan (Bryant 2005) In specific consideration of the NHS plan we should note that the specific stated aims of the plan were to:- Increase funding and reform Aim to redress geographical inequalities, Improve service standards, Extend patient choice. These aims have been, to some extent translated into reality. Let us examine each in detail. The increased funding was specifically delivered in the March 2000 budget settlement and has been honoured in successive budgets since. The Chancellor of the Exchequer stated that the money made available would ensure that the NHS would grow by one half in cash terms and by one third in real terms in just five years. Our examination of staffing levels (above) would seem to suggest that this trend has been successfully established. In addition, he promised a  £500 million â€Å"performance fund† for specific areas which were to be identified by separate investigation as being in particular need of assistance. (Halligan et al 2001) This certainly directly impinges upon our considerations of support staff and we shall return to this point later. The geographical inequalities and service standards are specifically addressed in the introduction of the National Service Frameworks which are mechanisms for specifically addressing inequalities and setting of both targets and goals of performance and excellence on a National rather than a local level, (Rouse et al 2001) and have been progressively rolled out across the country. These measures have been established in collaboration with assistance and guidance from bodies such as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) which has a remit to examine both practices and facilities with the specific aim of achieving national standards. ( viz. NICE 2004) (NHS KSF 2004) It has made a number of recommendations which appear to have a firm evidence base. (Berwick D 2005) We should perhaps take this opportunity to note that the Institute, although undoubtedly set up in response to a worthy ideal, is already finding itself short of funding to do the job that it was originally conceived for. Spokesmen have already commented that it is short of money to achieve the research necessary to justify its continued activity (Shannon 2003) Patient choice is a far more complex issue that it might originally appear. Initial examination might suggest that to give patients the freedom to go where they wish to get their medical care is a fine objective, but closer examination of the issue would reveal that it has numerous pitfalls. In the specific terms of the NHS plan, it actually means that the patient’s primary healthcare team has a more wide-reaching choice of where they choose to refer the patient. (Wierzbicki et al 2001). A patient may consider any number of factors which may influence their choice of hospital including such factors as the general look of the buildings, the geographical site in relation to their friends and family and what they have read or heard anecdotally about the hospital. None of these factors have any major bearing on the treatment that they will receive. It may be that they will discover that the waiting list is shorter at hospital A than hospital B. what may well be less obvious to the patient is that hospital A may have a shorter waiting list because the local primary healthcare teams know that it has a number of serious shortcomings and so they tend to refer their patients to hospital B which consequently has a longer waiting list. Of course , we mustn’t ignore the possibility that hospital A is actually more efficient that hospital B or that hospital C provides a more comprehensive, courteous and efficient service with greater expertise than hospital D, but the primary healthcare teams are generally best placed to see the outcomes of their local hospitals and will generally know where their patients are served better in each individual circumstance. (after Donaldson L 2001) In the context of our examination here, all four of these aims have potential impact on our subject as each of these objectives are effectively resolved by expanding, and in some cases changing, the roles of staff within the NHS. Clearly the impact will vary between different disciplines and indeed, different geographical areas, but the overall objective of improving the efficiency and introduction of patient orientated goals has largely been met by the three expedients of: a) making more money available b) adopting progressive management strategies c) increasing staffing levels and redefining some roles within the NHS ( after Dixon et al 2003) It is perhaps useful to consider the whole of the NHS Plan as part of a reform continuum which has shaped the evolution of the NHS since its inception. We have already highlighted the Griffiths Reforms, but other landmark reforms that impact upon our considerations of change must include the Agenda for Change (2004) which is primarily staff and employment orientated and is concerned with a number of measures including staffing levels, staff role descriptions and staff pay levels. It has only recently been implemented (September 2005) and, for our purposes here, should be viewed in conjunction with another Government White Paper which is the complimentary NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF 2004). This particular paper targets the need for both recognising and rewarding specific speciality orientated enhancement of both skills and knowledge that are actually relevant to professional performance in both designated areas and in professional performance generally. Reading of the provisions reveals that the general provision of  £280 million over a three year period to â€Å"develop specific designated staff skills†. One of the proposed mechanisms is to set up individual learning accounts which will be worth  £150 per year. It is not yet clear what the impact will yet be on support staff in either specific or general terms. The impact of these reforms seems to be felt on many levels. There appears to be a move towards the redesignation of roles, flexible working, skill mix and the redesignation of professional boundaries. The NHS Plan itself calls for a number of changes to be made in working practices, both general (conceptual) and specific. It also calls for a change in the actual roles of some healthcare professionals, including support staff. It goes into great detail about the need for some of these changes need to be established but it also has to be observed that there is actually very little detail in the Plan as to how these changes are either to be introduced or managed. It refers to the changes in general terms, there is actually very little detail relating to what it expects these changes to actually be in reality. (Krogstad et al 2002) If one were to produce an analysis of the pre-2000 structure of the NHS one could conclude that it had three major problems which were not consistent with the function, structure and organisation of a typical 21st century industry a lack of national standards old-fashioned demarcations between staff and barriers between services a lack of clear incentives and levers to improve performance over-centralisation and disempowered patients. (Nickols 2004) One observation that is also relevant to our considerations here is the phrase â€Å"seamless interface† appears very frequently throughout the document. Although it is primarily applied to the interface between primary and secondary care, it is also, both explicitly and by implication, applied to the interface between different groups of professionals within both aspects of the service. (Rudd et al 1997) In direct consideration of our subject, we can take this to mean that there is a requirement for seamless interaction between all factions of the operating theatre staff and between them and the other professionals in the hospital. (Dixon et al 2003) Other significant milestones in the changes in the role of support staff were the introduction of the National Service Framework. These are a series of recommendations, stipulations and targets which are designed to raise the performance to the level of the best across the nation rather than to have pockets of excellence surrounded by a sea of mediocrity (White M 2005). The issues surrounding the National Service Frameworks are huge, as they collectively cover most of the major therapeutic areas in medicine. The reason for their inclusion in this particular consideration, is because of their collective impact on the role of the support staff, who have to expand their role and skills in order to comply with their requirements. It is completely impractical to consider all of the implications of the National Service Frameworks so, as a representative â€Å"sample† we will consider just one, the National Service Framework for the elderly. In distinct contrast to our comments in relation to the Griffiths Report earlier in this piece, the introduction of the National Service Frameworks could be considered nothing short of exemplary. There have been consultation periods, pre-implementation pilots and possibly most importantly, a well publicised and staged National roll-out programme which was designed to implement each of the strategies in a graded and controlled fashion with the intention of trying to ensure smooth implementation across the country. (Nickols F.2004). If we consider as an exploratory example, a small portion of the National Service Framework for the elderly Standard Two, this states that it should ensure that: Ensure that older people are treated as individuals and that they receive appropriate and timely packages of care which meet their needs as individuals, regardless of health and social services boundaries. One could perhaps reasonably hope that such aspirations would have been unnecessary, but behind the actual words are a number of other concepts that are central to our consideration to the expanding role of the support staff. The concept of â€Å"Person Centred Care† is a central precept of the Standard Two. It is described with the intention of trying to allow the elderly to feel entitled to be treated as individuals and also to allow them to retain responsibility for their own choices for their own care. The expansions of the roles of the support staff comes primarily in the adoption of the main tenet of the concept of Person Centred Care and that is the introduction of the Single Assessment Process (SAP). This recognises that there are effectively a great number of support agencies that potential can be involved to look after the needs of the elderly, both in hospital and after discharge. Prior to the introduction of the National Service Framework, it was common practice for each agency to separately make contact with the patient and make their own assessment in terms of their own distinct considerations. We shall discuss this point later in the context of insularity of specialities. The end result of this process was the fact that, very commonly, the same (or similar) facts are repeatedly elicited on different occasions with all the implications that this type of duplication has on inefficient working and waste of resources. (Fatchett A. 1998). The SAP is designed so that any member of the health care team can assemble the information in such a way and in such a format that it will be of use to the other members of the team, or for that matter any of the agencies who might have a legitimate need for the information. This particular role expansion is designed to assist in reducing the amount of red tape that appears to be an inevitable encumbrance of many of the measures that are designed to assist the elderly patient, and only appears to finish up by hampering them. (Gott M 2000). The adoption of the Single Assessment Process is no more than one example, perhaps not so much of an expansion of the role, but a realignment of the role of support staff. It is still a fairly new concept and is central to the aims of the National Service Framework that the needs and wishes of the patient should be at the heart of the whole process. Because it is new, the extent to which it can accommodate these aims and aspirations alongside the day to day practicalities of service provision still has yet to be fully assessed. (Mannion R et al 2005) In some ways, this new role expansion can be viewed in parallel with the concepts of seamless interfacing and multidisciplinary team working which we have examined elsewhere in this dissertation. Given the fact that the Single Assessment Process has only been operational since April 2004, but the move towards multidisciplinary team working and the concept of the seamless interface has been apparent and espoused for some years (Mason et al 2003). The latter were effectively translated into reality without major upheaval, one can be reasonably confident that the same will eventually be said for both the Single Assessment Process and its implications for both staff and patients. We have described this particular example of role expansion more as a realignment because, at first sight, its implications are quite subtle when compared to other examples that we shall be considering, but equally they are quite fundamental, as they impinge upon the role Role Expansion of Support Staff in the NHS Role Expansion of Support Staff in the NHS Abstract In this dissertation we examine the various aspects of role expansion of support staff within the confines of the NHS. We consider it on both a broad front and also make specific examination of those issues that concern staff connected with the operating theatres. We consider the background and political pressures that make role expansion desirable and possible. We also consider the implications of expansion in the NHS on both a professional and practical level. The issues are discussed in both specific and general terms. We illustrate three types of role expansion by reference to specific professional examples. One example is of the expansion from a caring role to that of the specialist provider, the second can be considered an example of role extension within a professional setting and the third is a natural expansion of the role which is required as technology and practice evolve. Methodology The methodology of this exploration was primarily by literature research. Progressive lines of enquiry were identified, researched and recorded. New lines of enquiry were identified as research progressed, and these were also examined for relevance and researched if considered appropriate to the theme of the dissertation. The literature search was mainly from library facilities. Local University, Post-Graduate hospital and public library facilities were extensively used together with some Internet based investigation. Some personal email enquiries were made from individuals who had experienced professional expansion and advice was taken in regard to both literature and direction of research. Introduction There is little doubt that the role of support staff has changed within the working lifetime of professionals currently working in the NHS. The thrust of this dissertation is to examine the means, the mechanisms and the degrees by which their role has changed. It barely needs stating that the NHS has changed. The political climate in which it operates has seen the NHS occupy varying positions of political prominence. Politicians are frequently seen publicly promising various sums of money for various projects of modernisation, expansion or generally to improve services. Every so often there is a major structural realignment of the management focus and mechanisms which, inevitably percolate through the tiers of control until the changes are felt at the level of the worker. In addition to this there are the technological changes which are largely independent of the politicians and the management structure. The rate of change in techniques, technology, support equipment and expertise appears to be increasing at an exponential rate. It clearly follows that the professional requirements of the support staff must keep pace with these changes and the training that they receive must inevitably reflect the needs of the ever changing working environment. (Ashburner L et al 1996) Evidence of change In any rational discussion, it is vital to work from a firm and secure evidence base. (EHC 1999). This requires careful and critical appraisal of the evidence and a decision as to just how applicable it is to the situation under consideration. In this dissertation we shall therefore be presenting evidence to support this evidence base together with appropriate assessments and judgements as to its validity. Most professionals working in the NHS would attest, if asked, to a perception of a continuous pace of change. Such anecdotal evidence, although interesting, is of little value to any form of critical appraisal. There are a number of reasonably â€Å"hard† statistics that give us much firmer evidence of change in the NHS. Let us consider some of the employment statistics published by the Department of Health for the NHS (whole of UK) and refers to non-medical staff. In 1997 the total number of NHS hospital and community based staff was 935,000. Of these 67% were direct care staff and 33% were management staff. The 67% direct care staff could be broken down into 330,620 nursing, midwifery and health visiting staff (246,010 being qualified) 100,440 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff 17,940 healthcare assistants 21,430 were managers the rest were estates, clerical and administrative staff 79% were women and 6% were from ethnic minorities (NSO 1998) If we compare this with the situation in 2000 by looking at the same parameters we can see: 346,180 nursing, midwifery and health visitor staff (256,280 were qualified). 110,410 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff 62,870 support staff and 23,140 healthcare assistants. 68% were direct care staff and 32% were management and support staff. 79% were women and 7% from the ethnic minorities (NSO 2001) And in 2001 we find a further difference, which is rather more dramatic: 458, 580 nursing, midwifery and health visitor staff (330,540 were qualified) 139,050 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff 23,140 healthcare assistants. 82% were women and 6% from the ethnic minorities (NSO 2002) If we go further back we can find evidence of 93,950 scientific, therapeutic and technical staff were employed, and there were 13,090 healthcare assistants in 1995 (NSO 1996) If we consider the documented trends in support staff we can trace 1995 93,950 1997 100,440 2000 110,410 2001 139,050 Over a comparatively short time there has clearly been a demonstrable increase in terms of numbers employed , nearly a 50% increase on the 1995 levels in six years. Reasons for change In opening this dissertation we made anecdotal reference to the political agenda that shaped the NHS. The NHS has historically been high in the public’s perception of a tangible measure of a Government’s success in delivering its regularly promised higher standard of living. It is partly for this reason, that successive governments have felt it politically expedient to invest increasing sums of money in measures for both expansion and improvement together with various drives aimed at increasing efficiency. (Ham C 1999) In the recent past there have been a raft of measures that have been produced which have all played their part in the evolution of the NHS to its current configuration and in doing so have expanded the role of not only the support worker but virtually all of the workers in the NHS at the same time. One of the first measures which was an overt indication of the forthcoming changes in working practice was the introduction of the performance indicators (Beecham L 1994) These were progressively introduced form 1992 onwards and in some respects could be considered the forerunner of the move towards National Service Frameworks. The original performance indicators imposed a duty or obligation on Trusts to carry out certain procedures within a specified maximum time. For example the indicators introduced in 1994-5 were on waiting times for first outpatient appointment and also for charters in General Practice. Although there were clear obligations on medical and nursing staff to make available sufficient sessions in order to see the patients, it is clear that the increased throughput of patients would clearly impact on the working practices (and work load) of the support staff. To a large extent, this can be seen from the figures presented at the beginning of this work. The 50% increase in staffing levels amongst the support staff reflects, in a large part, the changes that were consequent on the imposition of the performance indicators. The initial indicators proved to be quite onerous in terms of achieving compliance even though the later ones gave tighter requirements still. For example the 1994 indicators set a target of 90% of patients seen by a consultant within 26 weeks of a written referral letter being received from the General Practitioner in the major specialities of general medicine, general surgery and dermatology. (Editor BMJ 1994) It follows that this target is not quite as innocuous as it might at first appear. If we accept the fact that a substantial number of patients were already waiting for considerably longer than 26 weeks it represented a major shift in working practices to meet this particular deadline. Once the patients were seen it followed that they then had to have whatever treatment was thought to be appropriate. An increase in outpatients seen inevitably means an increase in patients waiting for inpatient treatment. So either the waiting lists go up further for inpatient treatment, or there is also a change of working practice to accommodate an increase in demand. This inevitably also impacts on the support staff as much as it does on the medical staff. (Langham S et al 1997) We shall consider this particular phenomenon in greater depth later when we consider the expansion of the nurse to specialist endoscopist and the running of one-stop clinics. Some novel methods were invoked to try to accommodate this shift in demand. There was a substantial increase in the frequency of day case surgery. Not only were a greater variety of surgical procedures being routinely carried out as day cases but it also resulted in more patients being assessed as suitable to undergo day case surgery. (HSE 2001) The same phenomenon of knock on effects arose form some of the other performance indicators. One of the original indicators was the percentage of patients seen within 5 mins of entering the casualty department. It follows that as hospitals strove to increase their performance indicators and the percentage of patients seen promptly rose, having been seen they then had to be treated and the same argument applies. Either there is an increase in the number of patients awaiting treatment in the A E departments, or there is a change in working practice to accommodate them and also to get them treated sooner. The organisation and efficiency of this system falls heavily on the support staff who clearly had to be able to accommodate this increased demand. (Langham S et al 1997) The indicators eventually began to involve inpatient statistics as well as outpatient ones. One, introduced in 1996, was on the number and availability of emergency operating theatres. More evidence of the reasons for this change comes from a paper by Scally and Donaldson (1998). We note that it was actually written by Liam Donaldson when he was a Regional Director of the NHS before he subsequently became Secretary of State for Health, so his comments can be taken with suitable gravitas. A critical analysis of the paper shows that it makes a number of points that are really overtly political, but it outlines the trend of change of emphasis where the improvements expected through clinical governance will not only be an â€Å"ideal goal† but will become a statutory requirement. This clearly pre-empts the changes prescribed in the NHS Plan. The paper outlines new goals â€Å"in which financial control, service performance, and clinical quality are fully integrated at every level† are behind the major thrust of the piece. Careful reading of the paper strongly suggests that inherent in the restructuring plans is a change in emphasis onto expansion of professional roles and greater working flexibility between professions which is fundamental to our considerations here. (Gray C 2005). We also note that the â€Å"stage was being set† for the potential role change of healthcare professionals in general and the four main precepts of this paper impact on that belief, namely: Clinical governance is to be the main vehicle for continuously improving the quality of patient care and developing the capacity of the NHS in England to maintain high standards (including dealing with poor professional performance) It requires an organisation-wide transformation; clinical leadership and positive organisational cultures are particularly important Professional self regulation will be the key to dealing with the complex problems of poor performance among clinicians New approaches are needed to enable the recognition and replication of good clinical practice to ensure that lessons are reliably learned from failures in standards of care It is clearly significant that all of these points were implemented and indeed, expanded, when Donaldson was appointed to the office of Secretary of State for Health and they can be seen as both enhancing and reinforcing the points that we have presented relating to the guidance from the Nursing Midwifery Council about the expansion of professional roles. Because of their seminal importance in the examination of our subject, let us consider the background to these points further. We note that Donaldson was originally recruited from a business background and the record shows that he has chosen to apply a great many sound and proven business principles to both the structuring and the workings of the NHS. Many of his strategies and perhaps ideas, have a clear ancestry in the Cadbury Report (1992) which effectively analysed the overall impact of governance and issues of changing working practices and consequent responsibility in the business world. The report focused on the issues surrounding an expansion of responsibility and a consequent failure to take responsibility for one’s actions, frequently passing on the implied responsibility to another employee in the same company. It found this practice to be both counterproductive and inefficient and frequently would lead to defensive stances and attitudes being adopted. When problems arose, they were therefore far more difficult to actively solve. (Lakhani M 2005) Donaldson was instrumental in applying this strategy to a clinical setting within the working practices of the NHS. This particular paper takes the view that by promoting individual professional responsibility he would be encouraging a system that would allow:- NHS organisations to be accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. By implication this argument extends to the expansion and role realignment in general terms throughout the NHS. We shall consider the elements in this paper which are of relevance to these arguments. Staff self-esteem is of great value to an organisation. Frequently this is associated with increased responsibility and a firm professional footing. (Davies HTO et al. 2000). Donaldson and Scally clearly espouse the virtue of professional responsibility at all levels in an organisation and encourage staff to take, rather than to devolve responsibility for their actions and indeed seek to ideally provide a ambience that is conducive to expansion of responsibility which therefore generally benefits the whole organisation. Tools of change Although we are primarily considering the support worker in this dissertation we must first broaden the agenda in order to set our examination in an appropriate context. There have been a number of Government White Papers, consultative documents and advisory initiatives that have concerned the workings of the NHS. Some have greater practical significance than others. There appear to have been significantly more in the last decade than previously and anecdotal and observational evidence would seem to suggest that these too, are increasing at an exponential rate. One of the landmark plans in recent years has been the NHS Plan. It has been compared by some commentators as being on comparative magnitude as the original inception of the NHS in 1948 (Shortell SM et al 1998). It is quite possible that a cynical appraisal of the Plan would see it is little more than the result of political rhetoric and pre-emptive manoeuvring as a response to the perceived public disquiet about the state of the NHS. On the other extreme the optimist might view it as a positive plan for major improvement. (Moss et al 1995). Having the benefit of hindsight, there is no doubt that it has been the catalyst for a number of significant changes in the NHS, it is, of course, totally dependent upon your own particular viewpoint as to whether these changes are regarded as beneficial or otherwise. One has to be extremely careful in evaluating such comments as clearly it depends on the criteria chosen for evaluation as to whether the reform will appear to be positive or negative. (Bilsberry J. 1996) One only has to consider the debacle which ensued after the introduction of the Griffiths Report in the 1980s (Griffiths Report 1983). This was considered to be a major reform of the management structure of the NHS. There was general agreement that the management had become to unwieldy, detached and inefficient with too many layers of management. (Davies,C et al. 2000), The Griffiths Report was commissioned with the specific purpose of streamlining the management profile and was charged with the specific responsibility of improving both efficiency and accountability. The subsequent plan was unveiled and introduced piecemeal. In the words of the Government appointed reviewer of the episode :- These were a set of reforms that were designed to â€Å"streamline the administration â€Å" of the NHS. It involved a major change in emphasis in the way that the NHS was run, and in short, it was badly conceived, patchily implemented and introduced piecemeal. By any critical analysis it proved to be a complete disaster. (Davidmann 1988) It is not actually possible to pass judgement on whether the plan would have been successful or not as its method of introduction was generally seen to be its downfall. In essence, its introduction was not managed in any contemporary sense of the word, it was simply imposed and the chaos that ensued prompted the government to institute another report to glean what lessons it could form the whole affair. (Davidmann 1988). It is fair to comment that the majority of reforms that have been introduced since that time have been far more professionally managed and their introduction (whatever their eventual outcome) have generally been comparatively smooth and uneventful (Bennis et al 1999) The area of change management as a science and discipline is both extremely involved and complex. Changing the structure of a massive and established organisation such as the NHS is clearly difficult with established attitudes, working practices and inherent inertia. The lessons learned from the Griffiths Report appear to have been successfully applied to the introduction of the NHS Plan (Bryant 2005) In specific consideration of the NHS plan we should note that the specific stated aims of the plan were to:- Increase funding and reform Aim to redress geographical inequalities, Improve service standards, Extend patient choice. These aims have been, to some extent translated into reality. Let us examine each in detail. The increased funding was specifically delivered in the March 2000 budget settlement and has been honoured in successive budgets since. The Chancellor of the Exchequer stated that the money made available would ensure that the NHS would grow by one half in cash terms and by one third in real terms in just five years. Our examination of staffing levels (above) would seem to suggest that this trend has been successfully established. In addition, he promised a  £500 million â€Å"performance fund† for specific areas which were to be identified by separate investigation as being in particular need of assistance. (Halligan et al 2001) This certainly directly impinges upon our considerations of support staff and we shall return to this point later. The geographical inequalities and service standards are specifically addressed in the introduction of the National Service Frameworks which are mechanisms for specifically addressing inequalities and setting of both targets and goals of performance and excellence on a National rather than a local level, (Rouse et al 2001) and have been progressively rolled out across the country. These measures have been established in collaboration with assistance and guidance from bodies such as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) which has a remit to examine both practices and facilities with the specific aim of achieving national standards. ( viz. NICE 2004) (NHS KSF 2004) It has made a number of recommendations which appear to have a firm evidence base. (Berwick D 2005) We should perhaps take this opportunity to note that the Institute, although undoubtedly set up in response to a worthy ideal, is already finding itself short of funding to do the job that it was originally conceived for. Spokesmen have already commented that it is short of money to achieve the research necessary to justify its continued activity (Shannon 2003) Patient choice is a far more complex issue that it might originally appear. Initial examination might suggest that to give patients the freedom to go where they wish to get their medical care is a fine objective, but closer examination of the issue would reveal that it has numerous pitfalls. In the specific terms of the NHS plan, it actually means that the patient’s primary healthcare team has a more wide-reaching choice of where they choose to refer the patient. (Wierzbicki et al 2001). A patient may consider any number of factors which may influence their choice of hospital including such factors as the general look of the buildings, the geographical site in relation to their friends and family and what they have read or heard anecdotally about the hospital. None of these factors have any major bearing on the treatment that they will receive. It may be that they will discover that the waiting list is shorter at hospital A than hospital B. what may well be less obvious to the patient is that hospital A may have a shorter waiting list because the local primary healthcare teams know that it has a number of serious shortcomings and so they tend to refer their patients to hospital B which consequently has a longer waiting list. Of course , we mustn’t ignore the possibility that hospital A is actually more efficient that hospital B or that hospital C provides a more comprehensive, courteous and efficient service with greater expertise than hospital D, but the primary healthcare teams are generally best placed to see the outcomes of their local hospitals and will generally know where their patients are served better in each individual circumstance. (after Donaldson L 2001) In the context of our examination here, all four of these aims have potential impact on our subject as each of these objectives are effectively resolved by expanding, and in some cases changing, the roles of staff within the NHS. Clearly the impact will vary between different disciplines and indeed, different geographical areas, but the overall objective of improving the efficiency and introduction of patient orientated goals has largely been met by the three expedients of: a) making more money available b) adopting progressive management strategies c) increasing staffing levels and redefining some roles within the NHS ( after Dixon et al 2003) It is perhaps useful to consider the whole of the NHS Plan as part of a reform continuum which has shaped the evolution of the NHS since its inception. We have already highlighted the Griffiths Reforms, but other landmark reforms that impact upon our considerations of change must include the Agenda for Change (2004) which is primarily staff and employment orientated and is concerned with a number of measures including staffing levels, staff role descriptions and staff pay levels. It has only recently been implemented (September 2005) and, for our purposes here, should be viewed in conjunction with another Government White Paper which is the complimentary NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF 2004). This particular paper targets the need for both recognising and rewarding specific speciality orientated enhancement of both skills and knowledge that are actually relevant to professional performance in both designated areas and in professional performance generally. Reading of the provisions reveals that the general provision of  £280 million over a three year period to â€Å"develop specific designated staff skills†. One of the proposed mechanisms is to set up individual learning accounts which will be worth  £150 per year. It is not yet clear what the impact will yet be on support staff in either specific or general terms. The impact of these reforms seems to be felt on many levels. There appears to be a move towards the redesignation of roles, flexible working, skill mix and the redesignation of professional boundaries. The NHS Plan itself calls for a number of changes to be made in working practices, both general (conceptual) and specific. It also calls for a change in the actual roles of some healthcare professionals, including support staff. It goes into great detail about the need for some of these changes need to be established but it also has to be observed that there is actually very little detail in the Plan as to how these changes are either to be introduced or managed. It refers to the changes in general terms, there is actually very little detail relating to what it expects these changes to actually be in reality. (Krogstad et al 2002) If one were to produce an analysis of the pre-2000 structure of the NHS one could conclude that it had three major problems which were not consistent with the function, structure and organisation of a typical 21st century industry a lack of national standards old-fashioned demarcations between staff and barriers between services a lack of clear incentives and levers to improve performance over-centralisation and disempowered patients. (Nickols 2004) One observation that is also relevant to our considerations here is the phrase â€Å"seamless interface† appears very frequently throughout the document. Although it is primarily applied to the interface between primary and secondary care, it is also, both explicitly and by implication, applied to the interface between different groups of professionals within both aspects of the service. (Rudd et al 1997) In direct consideration of our subject, we can take this to mean that there is a requirement for seamless interaction between all factions of the operating theatre staff and between them and the other professionals in the hospital. (Dixon et al 2003) Other significant milestones in the changes in the role of support staff were the introduction of the National Service Framework. These are a series of recommendations, stipulations and targets which are designed to raise the performance to the level of the best across the nation rather than to have pockets of excellence surrounded by a sea of mediocrity (White M 2005). The issues surrounding the National Service Frameworks are huge, as they collectively cover most of the major therapeutic areas in medicine. The reason for their inclusion in this particular consideration, is because of their collective impact on the role of the support staff, who have to expand their role and skills in order to comply with their requirements. It is completely impractical to consider all of the implications of the National Service Frameworks so, as a representative â€Å"sample† we will consider just one, the National Service Framework for the elderly. In distinct contrast to our comments in relation to the Griffiths Report earlier in this piece, the introduction of the National Service Frameworks could be considered nothing short of exemplary. There have been consultation periods, pre-implementation pilots and possibly most importantly, a well publicised and staged National roll-out programme which was designed to implement each of the strategies in a graded and controlled fashion with the intention of trying to ensure smooth implementation across the country. (Nickols F.2004). If we consider as an exploratory example, a small portion of the National Service Framework for the elderly Standard Two, this states that it should ensure that: Ensure that older people are treated as individuals and that they receive appropriate and timely packages of care which meet their needs as individuals, regardless of health and social services boundaries. One could perhaps reasonably hope that such aspirations would have been unnecessary, but behind the actual words are a number of other concepts that are central to our consideration to the expanding role of the support staff. The concept of â€Å"Person Centred Care† is a central precept of the Standard Two. It is described with the intention of trying to allow the elderly to feel entitled to be treated as individuals and also to allow them to retain responsibility for their own choices for their own care. The expansions of the roles of the support staff comes primarily in the adoption of the main tenet of the concept of Person Centred Care and that is the introduction of the Single Assessment Process (SAP). This recognises that there are effectively a great number of support agencies that potential can be involved to look after the needs of the elderly, both in hospital and after discharge. Prior to the introduction of the National Service Framework, it was common practice for each agency to separately make contact with the patient and make their own assessment in terms of their own distinct considerations. We shall discuss this point later in the context of insularity of specialities. The end result of this process was the fact that, very commonly, the same (or similar) facts are repeatedly elicited on different occasions with all the implications that this type of duplication has on inefficient working and waste of resources. (Fatchett A. 1998). The SAP is designed so that any member of the health care team can assemble the information in such a way and in such a format that it will be of use to the other members of the team, or for that matter any of the agencies who might have a legitimate need for the information. This particular role expansion is designed to assist in reducing the amount of red tape that appears to be an inevitable encumbrance of many of the measures that are designed to assist the elderly patient, and only appears to finish up by hampering them. (Gott M 2000). The adoption of the Single Assessment Process is no more than one example, perhaps not so much of an expansion of the role, but a realignment of the role of support staff. It is still a fairly new concept and is central to the aims of the National Service Framework that the needs and wishes of the patient should be at the heart of the whole process. Because it is new, the extent to which it can accommodate these aims and aspirations alongside the day to day practicalities of service provision still has yet to be fully assessed. (Mannion R et al 2005) In some ways, this new role expansion can be viewed in parallel with the concepts of seamless interfacing and multidisciplinary team working which we have examined elsewhere in this dissertation. Given the fact that the Single Assessment Process has only been operational since April 2004, but the move towards multidisciplinary team working and the concept of the seamless interface has been apparent and espoused for some years (Mason et al 2003). The latter were effectively translated into reality without major upheaval, one can be reasonably confident that the same will eventually be said for both the Single Assessment Process and its implications for both staff and patients. We have described this particular example of role expansion more as a realignment because, at first sight, its implications are quite subtle when compared to other examples that we shall be considering, but equally they are quite fundamental, as they impinge upon the role