Who Were the Seljuks

The Seljuk (pronounced sahl-JOOK, and variously transliterated as Seldjuq, Seldjuk, or al-Salajiqa) refers to two branches of a dynastic Sunni (maybe, scholars are torn) Muslim Turkish confederation that ruled much of Central Asia and Anatolia in the 11th–14th centuries CE. The Great Seljuk Sultanate was based in Iran, Iraq, and central Asia from between about 1040–1157. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which is what the Muslims called Anatolia, was based in Asia Minor between 1081–1308. The two groups were strikingly different in complexity and control, and they did not get along due to disputes between them over who was the legitimate leadership. The Seljuks called themselves a dynasty (dawla), sultanate (saltana), or kingdom (mulk); it was only the central Asian branch who grew to empire status.   Origins of Seljuk The Seljuk family has its origins with the Oghuz (Turkish Ghuzz) who lived in 8th century Mongolia during the Gok Turk Empire (522–774 CE). The Seljuk name (in Arabic al-Saljuqiyya), comes from the long-lived familys founder Seljuk (ca. 902–1009). Seljuk and his father Duqaq were military commanders of the Khazar state and may well have been Jewish—most of the Khazar elites were. Seljuk and Duqaq revolted against Khazar apparently in conjunction with a successful attack by the Rus in 965 which ended the Khazar state. Seljuk and his father (and about 300 horsemen, 1,500 camels, and 50,000 sheep) headed for Samarkand, and in 986 arrived in Jand near modern Kyzylorda in the northwest of modern Kazakhstan, when the region was in significant turmoil. There Seljuk converted to Islam, and he died at the age of 107. His elder son Arslan Israil (d. 1032) took over leadership; becoming embroiled in local politics he was arrested. The arrest exascerbated an already-existing division between Seljuk supporters: a few thousand called themselves the Iraqiyya and migrated westward to Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia, eventually forming the Seljuk sultanate; many more remained in Khurasan, and after many battles, went on to establish the Great Seljuk Empire. The Great Seljuk Empire The Great Seljuk Empire was a central Asian empire that to some degree controlled an area from Palestine on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean to Kashgar in western China, far larger than competing Muslim empires such as the Fatimids in Egypt and the Almoravids in Morocco and Spain. The empire was founded in Nishapur, Iran around 1038 CE, when the branch of Seljuk descendants arrived; by 1040, they had seized Nishapur and all of modern eastern Iran, Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. Eventually there would come to be an eastern and western half, with the eastern based at Merv, in modern Turkmenistan, and the western in Rayy (near modern day Tehran), Isfahan, Baghdad, and Hamadhan. Bound together by the Islamic religion and traditions, and at least nominally subject to the Abbasid caliphate (750–1258) of the Islamic empire, the Great Seljuk empire was made up of an astoundingly diverse range of religious, linguistic, and ethnic groups, including Muslims, but also Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Scholars, pilgrims, and merchants used the ancient Silk Road and other transportation networks to maintain contact. The Seljuks intermarried with Persians and adopted many aspects of the Persian language and culture. By 1055, they controlled all of Persia and Iraq as far as Baghdad. The Abbasid caliph, al-Qaim, awarded the Seljuk leader Toghril Beg the title sultan for his assistance against a Shia adversary. Seljuk Turks Far from a monolithic, unified state, the Seljuk sultanate remained a loose confederation in what is today Turkey was called Rum (meaning Rome). The Anatolian ruler was known as the Sultan of Rum. The territory, controlled by the Seljuks between 1081–1308, was never exactly defined, and it never included all of what is today modern Turkey. Large parts of coastal Anatolia remained in the hands of various Christian rulers (Trebizond on the northern coast, Cilicia on the southern coast, and Nicaea on the western coast), and the piece that the Seljuks controlled was most of the central and southeastern part, including parts of what is today the states of Syria and Iraq. Seljuk capitals were at Konya, Kayseri, and Alanya, and each of those cities included at least one palace complex, where the sultan and his household lived and held court. Collapse of the Seljuks The Seljuk Empire may have begun to weaken as early as 1080 CE, when underlying internal tensions broke out between the sultan Malikshah and his vizier Nizam al Mulk. The death or assassination of both men in October 1092 led to the fragmenting of the empire as rival sultans battled one another for another 1,000 years. By the 12th century, the remaining Seljuks were targets of the Crusaders from western Europe. They lost much of the eastern part of their empire to Khwarezm in 1194, and the Mongols finished off the Seljuk remnant kingdom in Anatolia in the 1260s. Sources and Further Reading Basan, Osman Aziz. The Great Seljuks in Turkish Historiography. University of Edinburgh, 2002.  Peacock, A. C. S. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.  Peacock, A. C. S., and Sara Nur Yildiz, eds. The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, 2013.  Polczynski, Michael. Seljuks on the Baltic: Polish-Lithuanian Muslim Pilgrims in the Court of Ottoman Sultan Sà ¼leyman I. Journal of Early Modern History 19.5 (2015): 409–37.  Shukarov, Rustam. Trebizond and the Seljuks (1204-1299). Mà ©sogeios 25–26 (2005): 71–136.

Cybercrime While Surfing The Internet - 1389 Words

Megdelawit Woldeselassie Ms. Johnson ENG 1301-09 04 April 2016 Cybercrime While surfing the internet, I came across an interesting article written on how the use of technology is endangering people s privacy. Unlike any generation that came before us, we live in a time where technology plays a significant role in our daily lives. Even to a point that we can t do much without it. We rely on our phones, computers, and the GPS in our cars to go on about our day. It came into my concern how vulnerable we are. We are constantly sharing information like our past history, current identity, bank account information and even our location in return for different services that are provided on the internet by different companies. Since the internet offers a large number of prospective audiences, ease of access, anonymity, combined with a rapid flow of information it opens the door for a crime. What is now referred to cybercrime? My goal in this paper is to explore the cyber world and the crimes committed every day using sources I found and to discuss the impact of th is technology on the private lives of people. Cybercrime is a crime that involves a computer and a network. It occurs when a person accesses a computer or a network without authorization to obtain information. () The person engaged in this activities is generally referred to as a hacker. The first â€Å"hackers† emerged in the 1960s at M.I.T. and were more interested in toy trains than computers. They were members of aShow MoreRelatedCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract-This research explores the different forms of cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. 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Face to Face Skills for Customer Service Free Essays

Face to Face Summer Erxleben MAR2305 December 17, 2011 Brandi Summers Face to Face The manner in which I handled this customer service call was unprofessional and handled very poorly. I did not answer the phone within three rings or use the proper greeting that the company requires. There were many things I could have done different in this situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Face to Face Skills for Customer Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now First and foremost I should have done my job and handled her situation right away. However, that was not the case. Since I did not, there were other ways I could have smoothed things over with Aretha and rectified the situation. I should have answered the phone according to the company’s guidelines of answering before three rings and using the standard greeting. I should have not discussed any personal issues that I was having with her or used those as an excuse as to why I did not return her phone call. I should have gone straight to apologizing for my mistake and resolving the issue. I feel as if Aretha was justified in how she treated me. She was frustrated and expressed it to me. I made her angrier over the situation by trying to excuse my actions instead of trying to find a resolution. Personal issues and priorities can sometimes effect customer service because employees can let the mood over them flow into the work environment. An employee could possibly treat a customer with anger or indifference because of these issues. They can also be distracted from performing their required tasks. It is important to separate your home life from your work life. There are times an employee will need to put on a smile and positive attitude even when faced with such issues. How to cite Face to Face Skills for Customer Service, Papers